前言 Introduction
中国佛教包括汉传佛教、藏传佛教、南传佛教。汉传佛教与藏传佛教属于大乘佛教，是从印度向北流传的。南传佛教是从印度向南流传的，传到斯里兰卡与东南亚，及中国云南傣族地区。
Chinese Buddhsim includes Han Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Theravada Buddhism. Han Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism belong to the Mahayana form of Buddhism, transmitted from India towards to the north. Theravada Buddhism spread south from India to Sri Lanka and South East Asia, and then to the are of the Dai ethnic group in Yunnan.
汉传佛教 Han Chinese Buddhism
佛教经由两条路径传入中国，一支由古印度经西域传入中原地区，另一支则由南印度经海路传至中国南方。东汉67年竺法兰与迦叶摩腾二人随同蔡愔来到洛阳传教。竺法兰翻译出了现存的第一部中文佛经《四十二章经》，先后住于白马寺和大法王寺。洛阳白马寺成为中国第一座佛寺。
Buddhism came to China via two paths, one path from ancient India via the Western Regions of China into Central China and the other path from Southern India by Sea to Southern China. In 67 CE, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dharmaratna and Kasyapamatanga accompanied Cai Yin to Luoyang to evangelize. Dharmaratna translated the first Chinese Sutra, The Sutra of Forty-Two Sections, and stayed first in the White Horse Temple then at Da Fa Wang Temple. White Horse Temple in Luoyang thus became the first Buddhist temple in China.
三国时期的佛教中心，南方则为建业，北方以洛阳为主。东晋高僧法显与徒弟结伴同行，410年到了印度、斯里兰卡等王国,后来写了《法显传》。唐朝627年，玄奘由长安出发，冒险前往天竺求经。在天竺的许多年间，玄奘停留过的寺院包括当时如日中天的著名那烂陀寺。由玄奘大师口述，弟子辨机编辑的《大唐西域记》。他是中国古典小说《西游记》中心人物唐僧的原型。
During the Three Kingdoms period the centers of Buddhism were Jianye (present day Nanjing) in the south and Luoyang in the north. In the Eastern Jin the monk Fa Xian travelled with disciples to India, Sri Lanka, and other countries, arriving in the year 410 CE. Later he wrote the book Fa Xian's Pilgrimage to India. In 627, during the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang left the ancient capital of Chang'an on a dangerous journey to India to seek scriptures. During his many years in India one of the temples that he spent time at was the well known Nalanda Temple at the time of its peak. Based on Xuan Zang's oral account, his disciple Bian Ji compiled Tang Records on the Western Regions. He is the model for the central character, the monk Tang Seng, in the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West.
藏传佛教 Tibetan Buddhism
藏传佛教是以密宗佛教为主。藏传佛教始于七世纪，印度莲花生大师来到西藏。十三世纪，开始藏传佛教流传于蒙古。
The main form of Tibetan Buddhism is Tantric Buddhism. The Tibetan Buddhism tradition began the seventh century when Indian monk Padmasambhava came to Tibet. Starting in the thirteenth century Tibetan Buddhism was propogated to Mongolia.
布达拉宫位于拉萨市，是一座规模宏伟的建筑群。布达拉宫最早是松赞干布为给文成公主而兴修的。大昭寺是坐落拉萨市的一座藏传佛教寺院。布达拉宫与大昭寺的被列为世界文化遗产。
Potala Palace is located in Lhasa. It is a huge complex of architectural structures. Originally Potala Palace was built by Songtsen Gampo for Princess Wencheng. Jokhang Temple is a Tibetan Buddhist temple located in Lhasa. Potala Palace and Jokhang Temple are World Cultural Heritage sites.
南传佛教 Theravada Buddhism
南传佛教大约在七世纪中由缅甸传入中国云南地区。最初佛法是口耳相传。大约在十一世纪前后，泰润文书写的佛经从缅甸传入到西双版纳。
Theravada Buddhism was brought to the Yunan area from Myanmar in about the seventh century. Initially, the Dharma was taught orally only. In about the eleventh century Buddhist sutras written in the Lannathai language were brought from Myanmar to Xishuangbanna.
汉传佛教宗派 Schools of Han Chinese Buddhism
汉传佛教宗派包括天台宗、三论宗、华严宗、慈恩宗、禅宗、律宗、净土宗与密宗。这些宗派都是在隋唐朝代成立的。今天的重要宗派有净土宗与禅宗。
Han Chinese Buddhism schools include Tiantai, Sanlun, Huayan, Ci'en, Chan, Vinaya, Pure Land, and Tantric schools. These schools were all founded in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Today, the main schools are Pure Land and Chan.
天台宗 Tiantai School
汉传佛教最早创立的宗派是天台宗。该宗创始人是智顗(538年－597年)，地理中心是浙江天台山。此宗也传到日本。
The first Han Chinese Buddhism school was the Tiantai School. The founder of the school was Zhi Yi (538—597) and it was located at Mount Tiantai in Zhejiang. The school was also spread to Japan.
三论宗 Sanlun School
三论宗创始人是吉藏大师（549年－623年）。该宗派是根据龙树的《中论》、《十二门论》和提婆的《百论》三论成立的。
Also translated to English as the Three-Sastra School, the founder of the Sanlun School was Venerable Ji Zang (549－623). The school was founded based on the principles of the three canonical texts Knowledge of the Middle Way and Dvadasa-nikaya-sastra by Nagarjuna and Sata-sastra by Deva.
华严宗 Huayan School
华严宗由《华严经》为根本典籍。该宗创始人是法藏（643年－712年）。
Also translated as the Avatamsaka School, this school takes the Garland Sutra as its canonical text. The founder of the school was Venerable Fa Zang (643—712 CE).
慈恩宗 Ci'en School
慈恩宗创始人是吉藏大师。慈恩宗是印度瑜伽行唯识学派在中国的传承。
Also translated as the Dharmalaksana School, the founder of this school was Venerable Xuan Zang. The Ci'en School was a Chinese continuation of the Indian Yogacara School.
禅宗 Chan School
在西方禅宗也成“Zen”。禅宗主张禅定修行。菩提达摩，简称达摩，是禅宗初祖。禅宗主要经典包括《楞伽经》、《金刚经》与《六祖坛经》。
In the West Chan is also known as “Zen”. The Chan School advocates mediation for practice. Bodhidharma was the first patriarch of the Chan School. Important texts for the Chan School include the Lankavatara Sutra, the Diamond Sutra, and Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch.
律宗 Vinaya School
律宗着重研习及持戒律。律宗创始人是道宣法师（596年—667年）。
The Vinaya School emphasizes study and maintenance of monastic discipline. The founder of the Vinaya School was Venerable Dao Xuan (596 — 667 CE).
净土宗 Pure Land School
净土宗的特殊修行方法是念阿弥陀佛名称。净土传于日、韩、越等国家。目前，净土是人最多的宗派。
The particular practice method of the Pure Land School is reciting the name of Amitabha Buddha. Pure Land practice was transmitted to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Today, Pure Land is the practice with the greatest following.
密宗 Tantric Buddhism
汉传佛教的密宗是在唐朝开元年（713年－741年）中由善无畏、金刚智、不空成立的。
The Han Chinese Buddhism Tantric School was founded by Venerables Subhakarasimha, Vajrabodhi, and Amoghavajra during the Tang Dynasty Kai Yuan reign (713 — 741 CE).
寺院 Temples
寺院建筑 Temple Architecture
大多寺院坐北朝南。寺院的大门称山门。山门里有个功德箱。殿内正中供奉着弥勒佛塑像，左右供奉着四大天王塑像，后面有尊韦驮天菩萨塑像。
Most temples face to the south. The main entrance to a temple is called the mountain gate. In the main entrance will be a collection box. Many temples have a Hall of Heavenly Kings, with a statue of Maitreya Boddhisattva and the Four Heavenly Kings to the left and right and a statue of Skanda Bodhisattva to the rear.
因为在汉传佛教中观音菩萨有特殊的位置很多寺院有一座观音殿，里边有观音菩萨象。有的寺院有一座殿特意为其他菩萨。因为五台山跟文殊菩萨有特殊的关系，在五台山很多寺庙有一座殿特意为文殊菩萨。
Because Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva has a special place in Han Chinese Buddhism many temples have a Avalokitesvara Hall housing a statue of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. Some temples have a hall for other Bodhisattvas. Because the Wutai Mountain area has a special connection with Manjushri Bodhisattva many temples there have a hall specially for Manjushri.
大雄宝殿平常位于寺院中心也是最大的殿堂，内有释迦牟尼、阿弥陀佛与药师佛像。释迦牟尼佛是位于在阿弥陀佛和药师佛的中间。因为阿弥陀佛是西方极乐世界的教主所以他在左边（朝北）。因为药师佛是东方净琉璃世界的教主所以他在右边。有的寺院有一座万佛殿或者万佛楼作为主要殿堂，里边有五方五佛。中间有毗卢遮那佛；东方有阿閦佛；南方有宝生佛； 西方有阿弥陀佛；北方有不空成就佛。
The Mahavira Hall (Hall of the Great Heros) is usually located at the center of the temple and is the biggest structure. It houses statues of Sakyamuni, Amitabha, and Medicine Buddhas. Sakyamuni Buddha is located between the Amitabha and Medicine Buddhas. Because Amitabha Buddha is the founder of the Western Paradise he is positioned to the left (facing north). Because the Medicine Buddha is the founder of the Eastern Realm of Pure Lapis Lazuli he is positioned on the right. Some temples have a Hall of Ten Thousand Buddhas to serve as the main temple hall with the Buddhas of the Five Directions inside. In the middle is Vairocana Buddha. In the East is Aksobhya Buddha. In the South is Ratnasambhava Buddha. In the West is Amitabha Buddha. In the North is Amoghasiddhi Buddha.
塔平常是为保留主要大师的舍利。寺院里其他建筑物包括禅堂为禅修与祖师堂为宗派祖师。
Pagodas are often for maintaining the relics of important figures. Other structures found in temples include a meditation hall for meditating and a Founders' Hall for founders of the school.
寺院里的生活 Life in a Temple
有的寺院让在家人挂单。早晨五点左右有早课，晚上有晚课。早点、午餐和晚餐都是纯素。师父也不吃葱和蒜。
Some temples allow lay people to stay overnight. At about five in the morning there is morning chanting and at night there is evening chanting. All meals are vegetarian. Venerables also do not eat onion or garlic.
佛教名山 Sacred Buddhist Mountains
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五台山
Mount Wutai
五台山位于山西省是文殊菩萨的道场。
Located in Shanxi Province, Mount Wutai is a place of practice for Manjusri Bodhisattva. -
普陀山
Mount Putuo
普陀山位于浙江省是观音菩萨的道场。
Located in Zhejiang Province, Mount Putuo is a place of practice for Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva. -
九华山
Mount Jiuhua
九华山位于安徽省是地藏菩萨的道场。
Located in Anhui Province, Mount Jiu Hua is a place of practice for Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. -
峨眉山
Mount Emei
峨眉山位于四川省是普贤菩萨的道场。
Located in Sichuan Province, Mount Emei is a place of practice for Samantabhadra Bodhisattva.
寺院的位置 Temple Locations
- 北京地区的寺庙 Temples in Beijing
- 上海地区的寺庙 Temples in Shanghai
- 天津地区的寺庙 Temples in Tianjin
- 四川与重庆地区的寺庙 Temples in Sichuan and Chongqing
- 河北地的寺庙 Temples in Hebei
- 河南地的寺庙 Temples in Henan
- 湖北地的寺庙 Temples in Hubei
- 湖南地的寺庙 Temples in Hunan
- 广东的寺庙 Temples in Guangdong
- 山东的寺庙 Temples in Shandong
- 江苏的寺庙 Temples in Jiangsu
- 浙江的寺庙 Temples in Zhejiang
- 安徽的寺庙 Temples in Anhui
- 山西的寺庙 Temples in Shanxi
- 江西的寺庙 Temples in Jiangxi
- 福建的寺庙 Temples in Fujian
- 云南的寺庙 Temples in Yunnan
- 陕西的寺庙 Temples in Shaanxi
- 甘肃佛教地点 Sites in Gansu
- 其他地区的寺院 Temples in other areas
活动 Events
水陆法会 Water and Land Service
水陆法会是中国佛教忏悔法会中最隆重之一。这个法会是由梁代武帝起来的。该法会很复杂又需要很多师父。
The Water and Land Service is one of the grandest repentance ceremonies in Chinese Buddhism. The Dharma service originated with Liang Dynasty Emperor Wu. The service is complex and requires many venerables.
佛诞 Buddha's Birthday
The Buddha's Birthday is on the 8th day of the 4th month in the lunar calendar. It is the most important festival in Han Chinese Buddhism.
大悲忏 Great Compassion Repentance Ceremony
《大悲忏》是一种忏法,由于观世音菩萨的慈悲，帮助众生解决烦恼和困难。
In the Great Compassion Repentance Ceremony the compassion of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva helps living creatures overcome their vexations and difficulties.
放生 Releasing Living Creatures
放生是买鱼、鸟或其他动物然后给它们送回大自然。目前在中国放生是一个很受欢迎的活动。
Releasing living creatures is an activity were fish, birds, or other animals are bought and then released into the wild. At present, this is a very popular activity in China.
朝山 Pilgrimages
A pilgrimage is usually circling a famous mountain or temple.
翻译师 Translators
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安世高 An Shi Gao (?—c. 168)
安世高是西域安息国太子，佛经汉译的创始人。
An Shi Gao was a prince from Parthia and the first translator of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. -
支娄迦谶
Lokaksema (c. 147—?)
最早将大乘佛教传入中国的西域高僧。
Was a senior monk from the Western Regions and the earliest to transmit Mahayana Buddhism to China -
釋道安 Shi Dao An (c. 312—385)
净土宗初祖慧远之师，对中国佛教的发展作出特殊贡献
An early though leader in the Pure Land School and made valuable contributions to the development of Chinese Buddhism -
鸠摩罗什 Kumarajiva (c. 334—413)
中国佛教史上四大译经师之一。
One of the four most well known sutra translators in Chinese history. -
真諦
Paramartha (c. 491—569)
中国佛教史上四大译经师之一。
One of the four most well known sutra translators in Chinese history. -
道宣 Dao Xuan (c. 596—667)
汉传佛教律宗南山宗初祖。
Founder of the Vinaya School (of the Southern Mountain) -
玄奘
Xuanzang (c. 602—664)
中国佛教史上四大译经师之一。
One of the four most well known sutra translators in Chinese history. -
不空
Amoghavajra (c. 705—774)
中国佛教史上四大译经师之一，汉传密宗的祖师。
One of the four most well known sutra translators in Chinese history. He was the founder of the Chinese Esoteric School.
