鼠标悬停可以看词的英语和拼音；点击中文词可以看词的详细中文和英文数据。
Mouse over to see English and pinyin for a Chinese word. Click the word to see full details in Chinese and English.
汉语句子中可以有六种句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。定语是主语的一部分。状语和宾语是谓语的部分。
Chinese sentences can have six types of elements: subject, predicate, object, attributive, adverbial adjunct, and complement. The attributive is a part of the subject. The object and the adverbial adjunct are parts of the predicate.
| 主语 Subject | 谓语 Predicate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 定语 Attributive | 状语 Adverbial Adjunct | 宾语 Object | ||
| 我 | 喜欢 | 红色。 | ||
| I like the color red. | ||||
| 我 | 母亲 | 在 | 美国。 | |
| My mother is in the United States. | ||||
| 我 | 努力 | 学习 | 中文。 | |
| I am diligently studying Chinese. | ||||
Sentences can be divided into two classes: simple sentences and compound sentences.
| 单句 Simple Sentences | 复句 Compound Sentences | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主渭句 Subject-Predicate Sentences | 非主渭句 Non-Subject-Predicate Sentences | 分句 Clauses | ||
In Chinese one Chinese character represents a single syllable.
汉语的词可以分成实词和虚词两大类。实词包括名词、动词、助动词、形容词、数词、量词和代词七类。汉语里有丰富的量词，每件事物和动作都有一定的量词，必须得用，而且不能随便用。
Chinese words can be divided into two kinds. The first kind is notional words and the second kind has a purely grammatical purpose (function words). Notional words can be divided into seven categories: nouns, verbs, auxiliary verbs, adjectives, numerals, measure words, and pronouns. Chinese has a rich collection of measure words, one for each object and action. Measure words must be used and cannot be arbitrarily used.
| 名词 Nouns | 动词 Verbs | 助动词 Auxilliary Verbs | 形容词 Adjectives | 数词 Numerals | 量词 Measure Words | 代词 Pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 名量词 Nominal | 动量词 Verbal | 人称代词 Personal | 指示代词 Demonstrative | 疑问代词 Interrogative | |||||
|
国家 妹妹 玫瑰 颜色 月亮 |
工作 学习 走 吃 打 |
应该 可以 能 会 想 |
漂亮 诚实 慢 坏 红 |
一 二 百 万 亿 |
个 条 张 公分 只 |
次 遍 回 趟 轮 |
我们 你 他 她 咱们 |
这 那 各 每 该 |
什么 啥 哪 谁 怎么 |
Function words include six kinds: adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, and onomatopes.
| 副词 Adverbs | 介词 Prepositions | 连词 Conjunctions | 助词 Particles | 叹词 Interjections | 象声词 Onomatope | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 结构助词 Structural | 动态助词 Aspectual | 语气助词 Modal | |||||
|
很 都 就 也 已经 |
从 向 在 被 把 |
跟 但是 或者 并且 因为 |
的 地 得 |
了 者 过 |
吗 吧 呢 了 |
喂 哎呀 嗯 哦 |
哗哗 乒乓 |
Affixes include prefixes and suffixes, which can both be used to construct sentence elements.
| 词头 Prefix | 词尾 Suffix |
|---|---|
|
第 初 老 |
们 子 性 化 儿 |
名词表示人或事物名称。专有名词包括地名和人名等。一些单音节名词可以重叠，表示“每”的意思例如：人人、天天等。
Nouns express the names of people or objects. Proper nouns include place names and the names of people. Some monosyllabic nouns can be repeated to indicate every individual in a group, such as 人人 (everyone), 天天 (every day), and so on.
名词本身一般没有单数和复数的分别。指人的名词后面可以用词尾“们”表示复数。例如：同志们、先生们、等。“们”读轻声。
In general, nouns do not inherently have a difference in singular and plural forms. When refering to peole the suffix 们 can be used to indcate more than one person. For example, 同志们 (comrades), 先生们 (gentlemen), and so on. “们” should be pronounced with the neutral tone.
方位词“里”，“上”经常用在名词后面。例如：脑袋上、路上、手里、兜里等。但是不能在地理名词后面用“里”。方位词作主语或状语时前面不用“在”。比如、房子里有架钢琴。“房子”之前不用“在”。
The nouns of location 里 and 上 are often used after other nouns. For example, 脑袋上 (on your head), 路上 (on the road), 手里 (in hand), 兜里 (in my pocket), and so on. However, you cannot use the word 里 after a geographic place names. When a noun of location is acting as the predicate or adverbial adjection 在 is not needed. For example, in the sentence 房子里有架钢琴 (There is a piano in the house), there is no 在 before 房子.
名词作定语时一定要放在被修饰的中心语前边。例如：您要玻璃杯还是瓷杯？“玻璃”，“瓷”作定语；“杯”作中心语。
When a noun is acting as the attributive it must be placed before the modified word. For example, in the sentence 您要玻璃杯还是瓷杯？(Would you like a glass or a porcelain cup?) The terms 玻璃 (glass) and 瓷 (porcelain) act as the attributives and 杯 (cup) is the modified word.
形容词表示人、事物的形状、性质或者行为的状态。一般形容词前面能用副词修饰。形容词可以用正反式提问。例如：“那双筷子干净不干净？”
Adjectives describe the form and characteristics of people and objects or the mode of an action. Most adjectives can be modified using an adverb placed in front. Adjectives can be used in affirmative-negative form to ask a question. For example, 那双筷子干净不干净？(Are those chopsticks clean?)
一些形容词能重叠，表示程度加深。例如：“她的头发是长长的”。形容词可以在动词前作状语。例如：“他热情地接待我们”。“热情地”是状语，“接待”是动词。
Some adjectives can be repeated to intensify their degree. For example, 她的头发是长长的。(Her hair is very long.) Adjectives can be used in front of verbs to act as abverbial adjuncts. For example, 他热情地接待我们。 (He cordially received us.) The adverbial adjunct is 热情地 and the verb is 接待.
一般单音节形容词可以直接修饰中心语。例如：“白纸”。但是，如果要强调修饰性可以用助词“的”例如：“很冷的天气”。双音形容词修饰单音名词时，一定要用助词“的”。例如：“漂亮的花”。双音形容词修饰双音名词时，可以用也可以不用“的”。
In general, a monosyllabic adjective can directly modify another word. For example, 白纸 (white paper). However, if you wish to emphasize the modified nature then you may use the particle 的. For example, 很冷的天气 (very cold weather). When a dissyllabic adjective modifies a monosyllabic noun then the particle “的” must be used. For example, 漂亮的花 (a beautiful flower). When a dissyllabic adjective modifies a dissyllabic noun then the particle 的 is optional.
When repeating adjectives use the form AABB. For example, 干干净净 (very clean).
形容词可以直接作谓语。例如：“他个子高”。“他个子”是主语，“高”是谓语。在这个情况中也可以用副词“很”。例如：“他个子很高＂。
Adjectives can directly function as predicates. For example, 他个子高 (He is tall). The subject is 他个子 (his height) and the predicate is 高 (tall). In this situation, you may also use the adverb 很 (very). For example, 他个子很高 (He is tall).
公 (male) and 母 (female) are used to describe the sex of animals.
动词表示动作、行为、心理活动、发展变化等。及物动词后边可以直接带宾语。有一些动词可以只带一个宾语。
Verbs express actions, behavior, mental processes, developing changes, and so on. Transitive verbs can be followed directly by an object. Some verbs can take only a single object.
| 动词 Verbs | 宾语 Objects | |
|---|---|---|
| 骑 ride | 自行车 a bicycle | 马 a horse |
| 穿 wear | 裤子 trousers | 袜子 socks |
| 戴 wear | 眼镜 glasses | 帽子 a hat |
| 写 write | 文章 an article | 信 a letter |
| 看 visit | 亲戚 relatives | 朋友 friends |
| 吃 eat | 面包 bread | 饼干 a cookie |
| 喝 drink | 牛奶 milk | 啤酒 beer |
| 保护 protect | 自己 oneself | 环境 the environment |
Some transitve verbs can take two objects.
| 动词 Verbs | 宾语 Objects | |
|---|---|---|
| 给 give | 你 you | 礼物 a gift |
| 教 teach | 学生 students | 英语 English |
| 问 ask | 老师 the teacher | 问题 a question |
| 告诉 tell | 他 him | 情况 the situation |
不及物动词不能带宾语。例如：活、坏、病、醒、存在、休息、咳嗽、胜利、腐败、出生、前进。
Intransitive verbs cannot take object. Some examples are: 活 (to live), 坏 (to be bad), 病 (to be sick), 醒 (to be awake), 存在 (to exist), 休息 (to rest), 咳嗽 (to cough), 胜利 (to be victorious), 腐败 (to be corrupt), 出生 (to be born), and 前进 (to progress).
动词后面能带补充成分。例如：你学会了吗？“学”是动词，“会”是补充成分。
Verbs can take a complement after them. For example, in the question 你学会了吗？ (Can you do it now that you studied it?), 学 is the verb and 会 is the complement.
可以用正反式表示问题。例如：你会不会国语？动词“会”重叠造成问题。
The affirmative-negative form can be used to express questions. For example, in the question 你会不会国语？ (Can you speak Mandarin?) the verb 会 is repeated to form the question.
The suffix 化 can be added to some nouns and adjectives to create verbs.
| 名词 Noun | 动词 Verb |
|---|---|
| 政治 (politics) | 政治化 (politicize) |
| 现代 (modern age) | 现代化 (modernize) |
| 信息 (information) | 信息化 (automate [IT]) |
| 形容词 Adjective | 动词 Verb |
|---|---|
| 自动 (automatic) | 自动化 (automate) |
| 绿 (green) | 绿化 (to make green / to landscape) |
| 暖 (warm) | 暖化 (to warm) |
The verb 是
表示动作、行为或含有积极思维活动的动词可以重叠。例如：听听、打扫打扫、想想、启发启发。一些动词不可以重叠：
Verbs expessing actions, behaviors, or including positive thought can be repeated. For example: 听听 (listen), 打扫打扫 (sweep), 想想 (think), 启发启发 (to inspire). Some verbs cannot be repeated:
代词可以代替名词、动词、形容词、数词或者副词。代词可以分成人称代词、指示代词和疑问代词。人称代词代替人或者事务。你、我、您、他、她、它、自己都是人称代词。指示代词区别人或者事务。这、这里、这儿、这么、这样、那、那里、那儿、那么、那样、每、各都是指示代词。疑问代词表示疑问。谁、什么、哪、哪里、哪儿、几、多少、怎么、怎样、怎么样都是疑问代词。
Pronouns can take the place of nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and adverbs. Pronouns can be classified as personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and interrogative pronouns. Personal pronouns take the place of people or things. 你、我、您、他、她、它、and 自己 are all personal pronouns. Demonstrative pronouns distinguish people or things. 这、这里、这儿、这么、这样、那、那里、那儿、那么、那样、每、and 各 are all demonstrative pronouns. Interrogative pronoun express a question. 谁、什么、哪、哪里、哪儿、几、多少、怎么、怎样 and 怎么样 are all interrogative pronouns.
代词的作用和它代替的词类是基本相同。比如“小王去哪里？”小王去北京。“哪里”是代词代替“北京”。
The use of pronouns are basically the same as the nouns they represent. For example, 小王去哪里？(Where is Xiao Wang going?) 小王去北京。 (Xiao Wang is going to Beijing.) 哪里 is the pronoun substituting for 北京.
Auxiliary verbs help verbs express need, possibility, or hope.
助动词可以修饰动词或形容词。例如：“我会讲国语”。在这个句子中助动词“会”修饰动词“讲”。例如：“图书馆里应该安静”。在这个句子中助动词“应该”修饰形容词“安静”。
Auxiliary verbs can modify verbs or adjectives. For example, 我会讲国语 (I can speak Mandarin). In this sentence the auxiliary verb 会 (can) modifies the verb 讲 (speak). For example, 图书馆里应该安静 (The library should be quiet). In this sentence the auxiliary verb 应该 (should) modifies the adjective 安静 (quiet).
Numerals express numbers. See Table of Basic and Accounting Numerals.
数字可以互相组合起来表示别的整数。例如：七十万。词头“第”可以用表示顺序。例如：“第七百零一”。可以用量词“倍”表示倍数。例如：“三倍”。
Numerals can be arranged together for express other whole numbers. For example, 七十万 (700,000). The prefix 第 (dì) can be used to express order. For example, 第七百零一 (number seven hundred and one). The measure word 倍 (bèi) can be used to represent multiples. For example, 三倍 (three times).
可以用“…点…”格式表示小数。例如：“零点二” （０.2）。可以用“…分之…”格式表示分数。例如：“三分之四”（３／４）、“百分之五”（５％）。
The …点… format can be used for expressing decimals. For example, 零点二 (0.2). The …分之… format can be used for expressing fractions. For example, 三分之四” (3/4) and 百分之五” (5%).
邻近两个数字可以连用表示概数。例如：“三四个”。“几”可以表示１－９之间的概数。例如：“阅览室只有几种杂志”。用在“十”、“百”、“千”、“万”等后面数词“多”表示多于前面的数目。例如：“我们班有三十多个学生”。
Two adjacent numerals can be used together to express an approximate quantity. For example, 三四个 (3 or 4). 几 can represent an approximate number between one and nine. For example, 阅览室只有几种杂志 (There are only a few kinds of magazine in the reading room). Used after the numerals 十 (ten), 百 (hundred), 千 (thousand), and 万 (ten thousand) the numeral 多 represents a number greater than the number preceding it. For example, 我们班有三十多个学生 (In our class there are more than 30 students).
In front of a measure word the number 两 should be used rather than 二. For example, 两头大象 (two elephants).
量词表示计算单位。名量词表示人、事物单位动量词表示动作单位。看度量衡单位表。
Measure words express counting units. Nominal measure words express units for people and things. Verbal measure words express the frequency of actions. See Units of Weights and Measures.
量词使用在数词或者指示代词后边。例如：“我买了一辆自行车”。“辆”是量词，“一”是数词。比如：“我每次去都看见他”。“次”是量词，“每”是指示代词。
Measure words are used after numbers and demonstrative pronouns. For example,我买了一辆自行车 (I bought a bicycle). The measure word is 辆 and the number is 一. Another example is, 我每次去都看见他 (I see him every time I go). The measure word is 次 (time) and the demonstrative pronoun is 每 (every).
Repeating measure words indicates “every.” For example, 个个都聪明 (every one of them is clever).
Nominal measure words are used in front of nouns to describe quantities of objects. See List of Common Nominal Measure Words.
动量词用与动词数量动作。比如：“来一次”、“去一趟”、“看一回”。“次”、“趟”、“回”都是动量词。大多数动量词用在动词后边作补语。比如：“你得去一趟”。
Verbal measure words are used with verbs to describe quantities of actions. For example, 来一次、去一趟、看一回. 次、趟、回 are all verbal measure words. Most verbal measure words are placed after their verbs as complements. For example, 你得去一趟。
副词用在动词或形容词前边表示时间、程度、范围、重叠、否定、可能和语气。有的副词可以起关联作用。例如：“他说完话就走”。“就”是副词表示时间。
Adverbs are placed in front of verbs or adjectives to express time, degree, scope, repetition, negation, possibility, or tone. Some adverbs can serve a connecting purpose. For example, 他说完话就走。 (He said his piece and then immediately left.) 就 is an adverb expressing time.
The basic use of adverbs is to act as adverbial adjuncts. For example, 他们已经出发了。 (They have already left.)
Although both are for negation, the use of 不 and 没 is different. 不 is used to negate
没 is used to negate
“又”和“再”都表示重叠但是用法不一样。“又”表示情况或动作已经重叠。例如：“今天又去一趟”。 （我们已经走了。）“再”用于将来的动作。例如：“我们不会再看见他”。
又 and 再 both express repetition but their use is different. 又 expresses that a situation or action has already repeated. For example, 今天又去一趟。(We have already left.) 再 is used for future actions. For example, 我们不会再看见他。 (We will not see him again.)
“不”，“没有”，“大概”，“也许”，“可能”等副词可以单独回答问题。
The adverbs 不，没有，大概，也许，and 可能 can stand alone as answers to questions.
介词放在名词或代词前面构成介词结构表示动作的排除、比较、被动、方式、原因、对象、方向、处所、时间等意义。表示时间、处所和方向包括“在”、“从”、“向”、“往”。表示对象有“跟”、“对”、“给”、“对于”、“关于”、“把”、“连”。表示原因的有“为”、“为了”、“由于”。表示方式的有“按照”、“根据”。表示被动的有“被”、“叫”、“让”。表示比较的有“比”。表示排除的有“除”、“除了”。
Prepositions are placed in front of nouns or pronouns to form prepositional phrases expressing the exclusion, comparison, being acted on, mode, cause, object, direction, place, or time of an action. Expressing time, place, and direction include 在、从、向、and 往. Prepositions indicating an object are 跟、对、给、对于、关于、把、and 连. Prepositions expressing a cause include 为、为了、and 由于. Prepositions expressing mode are 按照 and 根据. Prepositions expressing the passive are 被、叫、and 让. Prepositions expressing comparison include 比. Prepositions expressing exclusion include 除 and 除了.
例如:
Examples:
连词连接两个词、词组或句子，表示并列、因果、条件、假设等语法关系。连词表示并列有“和”、“跟”、“同”、“与”、“及”、“并”和“而”。连词表示因果的有“因为”、“所以”和“因此”。连词表示条件有“只要”、“只有”和“不管”。连词表示假设有“如果”和“要是”。连词表示推论判断的有“既然”、“这样”和“那么”。连词表示转折的有“虽然”、“但是”、“可是”和“不过”。连词表示让步的有“即使”和“就是”。连词表示选择的有“还是”和“或者”。连词表示列举的有“例如”和“比如”。连词表示紧接相承的有“接着”、“于是”和“然后”。连词表示进一步的有“甚至”、“至于”、“而且”。
Conjunctions connect two words, phrases, or sentences expressing coordination, cause and effect, circumstances, or conjecture. Conjunctions indicating coordination include 和、跟、同、与、及、并、and 而. Conjunctions indicating cause and effect include 因为、所以、and 因此. Conjunctions indicating circumstances include 只要、只有、and 不管. Conjunctions indicating conjecture include 如果 and 要是. Conjunctions indicating inference include 既然、这样、and 那么. Conjunctions indicating transition include 虽然、但是、可是、and 不过 Conjunctions indicating concession include 即使 and 就是. Conjunctions indicating an alternative include 还是 and 或者. Conjunctions indicating an enumeration include 例如 and 比如. Conjunctions indicating succession include 接着、于是、and 然后. Conjunctions indicating progression include 甚至、至于、and 而且.
例如：
Examples
Some conjunctions are used in matching pairs.
用“和”连接两个多词或词组时，“和”一般用在最后词或词组之前。可以用顿号“、”代表连词“和”。例如：“今天有三个红的、两个白的和一个黑的”。
When using 和 to join more than two words or phrases it can be placed before the last word or phrase. The serial comma “、” can be used to represent the conjunction 和. For example, 今天有三个红的、两个白的和一个黑的。
助词附词、词组或句子后面，表示各种附加意义、语法关系或语气。助词没有实在意义。助词读轻声。
Particles are added to words, phrases, or sentences to express supplementary meaning, grammatical relations, or mood. Particles do not have an independent meaning. Particles are spoken in the neutral tone.
结构助词附词或词组后面表示语法关系。结构助词有“的”（de）、“地”（de）和“得”（de）。结构助词“的”只能附在定语后边。比如：“她的衣服很漂亮”。“地”只能附在状语后边。例如：“她刻苦地学习”。“得”是专门附在动词或形容词后面和补语前边。例如：“她跑得快”。
Structural particles are added to words or phrases to express a grammatical relation. The structural particles are 的，地 and 得. The structural particle 的 can only be placed after an attributive modifier. For example, 她的衣服很漂亮。 (Her clothes are beautiful.) 地 can only be placed after an adverbial adjunct. For example, 她刻苦地学习。 (She studies hard.) 得 must be placed after a verb or adjective and before a complement. For example, 她跑得快。(She runs fast.)
动态助词附在动词后面表示附加意义。动态助词有“了”（le）、“着”（zhe）和“过”（guo）。但是不是所有的动词可以附加“着”和“了”。
Aspectual particles are placed after verbs to indicate a supplementary meaning. The aspectual particles are 了（le），着（zhe）and 过（guo）. However, not all verb can be followed by 着 and 了.
“着”表示动作和行为在某时间内还在进行或处于某种状态，或某种状态在持续。例如:
着 incidates that an action is in progress or in a particular state at a certain time or that a particular state continues. For example,
动态助词“了”附在动词后面，表示动作已经完成。例如：“我买了一本书”。
When the particle 了 follow a verb it indicates that an action has been completed. For example, 我买了一本书。 (I bought a book.)
动态助词“过”附在动词后面，表示动作已经过去。比如：“你去过美国没有？”
The aspectual particle 过 is placed after a verb to indicate that the action happened in the past. For example, 你去过美国没有？ (Have you ever been to the United States?)
语气助词附句子末尾表示各种语气。语气助词有“吗”（ma）、“呢”（ne）、“吧”（ba）、“了”（le）、“啊”（a）。
Modal particles are placed at the end of a sentence to express a mood. The modal particles are 吗（ma），呢（ne），吧（ba），了（le），啊（a）.
The modal particle 吗 indicates a question. For example, 机场离饭店远吗？ (Is the airport far from the hotel?)
The modal particle 呢 has the following uses
The modal particle 吧 has the uses listed below.
The modal particle 啊 has the following uses:
The structural particle 了 has the following uses.
语气助词“吗”只能用在陈述句末尾构成疑问句。例如：“你是翻译吗？”
The modal particle 吗 can only be used at the end of a declarative sentence to form a question. 你是翻译吗？ (Are you a translator?)
叹词表示感叹或者呼唤应答。比如：“喂” （wèi）、“嗯”（èn）、“啊”（à）、“哎呀”（āiyā）、“噢”（ō）、哦（ó）。叹词一般用在句子前面但是不能充当句子成分。例如：
Interjections express an exclamation, a call, or a response. For example, 喂（wèi）、嗯（èn）、啊（à）、哎呀（āiyā）、噢”（ō）、and 哦（ó）. Interjections are most often used at the start of a sentence but do not act as an element of the sentence. For example,
An onomatope imitates the sound of a thing or action. Examples:
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