汉语语法入门 An Introduction to Chinese Grammar

词组 Phrases

词组是词按照一定的语法关系组合起来的。常见的词组种类有：

Phrases are composed of words organized according to definite grammatical relations. Here are some commonly used types of phrases:

1. 主谓词组 Subject-predicate phrase
2. 动宾词组 Verb-object phrase
3. 联合词组 Coordinative phrase
4. 偏正词组 Endocentric phrase
5. 数量词组 Numeral-measure phrase
6. 补充词组 Complementary word phrase
7. 方位词组 Locality phrase
8. 同位词组 Appositive phrase
9. 固定词组 Set phrase
10. 介词词组 Prepositional phrase
11. “的”字 词组 The 的 phrase

主谓词组 Subject-Predicate Phrases

主谓词组是按照陈述和被陈述的关系组合起来的。例如：

A subject-predicate phrase combines the constituents in a subject-predicate relation. For example,

1. 头发短 [hair is short] （“头发”是主，“短”是谓） （头发 is the subject 短 is the predicate）
2. 他写 [he writes] （“他”是主，“写”是谓） （他”is the subject，写 is the predicate）

主谓词组中前边是“主”，后边是“谓”。“主”是被陈述的对象，经常是名词或代词。“谓”是陈述“主”的，经常是动词或形容词。“主”和“谓”两个词之间不用任何虚词连接。

In a subject-predicate sentence the subject is first and the predicate is second. The subject is the object of the statement and is often a noun or pronoun. The predicate makes a statement about the subject and is usually a verb or adjective. No function words are used between the subject and predicate.

动宾词组 Verb-Object Phrases

动宾词组是按照支配和被支配的关系组合起来的。例如：

In a verb-object phrase the constituents are arranged in a verb-object relation. For example,

1. 喝水 [to drink water] （“喝”是动词，“水”是宾语） （喝 is the verb and 水 is the object）
2. 写字 [to write a character] （“写”是动词，“字”是宾语） （写 is the verb and 字 is the object）

动词一定在前边，动宾词组的词序是固定的。前边是及物动词，表示动作或行为。

The verb always comes first. The order in a verb-object phrase is fixed. The first word is a transitive verb, expressing an action or behavior.

联合词组 Coordinative Phrases

联合词组是由两个或者两个以上同类词组合起来表示并列关系。例如：

A coordinative phrase is formed by two or more words or phrases of the same type to express a coordinative relation. For example,

1. 你和我 [You and me] （“你”、“我”都是代词） （“你”、“我” are both pronouns）
2. 小心地认真地 [careful and serious] （“小心”、“认真”都是形容词）（“小心”、“认真” are both adjectives）

联合词组中的词之间可以用连词。可以用顿号“、”表示词和词之间联合关系。两个以上的词联合时，连词用在最后一个词前边。例如:

The terms in a coordinative phrase may be separated by conjunction. The serial comma “、” can also be used to separate words in in a coordinative phrase. When more than two words are joined, a conjunction is placed before the last one. For example,

        哥哥、姐姐和我都上大学。(My older brother, older sister, and I all go to university.)
      

联合词组是由哪类词构成的，就具有哪类词的用途。

A coordinative phrase has the same uses as the constituent parts that it is made from.

偏正词组 Endocentric Phrases

偏正词组是按照修饰，限制和被修饰限制的关系组合起来的。偏正词组可以分两类：名词性偏正词组和动词性或形容词性偏正词组。在名词性偏正词组中后部分是名词。例如：“热带森林”。在这个句子中“热带”是“偏”，“森林”是“正”。

In an endocentric phrase the constituents are combined such that the first one decorates or limits the second. Endocentric phrases can be divided into two kinds: nominal endocentric phrases and endocentric phrase where the second constituent is either a verb or an adjective. In a nominal endocentric phrase the second part is a noun. For example, 热带森林. In this sentence, 热带 is the first part and 森林, the second part is a noun.

动词性或形容词性偏正词组也就是后部分为动词或形容词。例如，在“详细讨论”词组中，“详细”是“偏”，“讨论”是“正”也是动词。在“很漂亮”词组中，“漂亮”是形容词。

In a verbal or adjectival endocentric phrase the second part is either a verb or an adjective. For example, in the phrase 详细讨论， 讨论 [to discuss in detail], the latter part is a verb. In the phrase 很漂亮 (very beautiful) the word 漂亮 [beautiful] is an adjective.

有时偏正词组要用虚词连接。例如：

Sometimes a function word is used to connect the two parts of an endocentric phrase. For example,

1. 安静的地方 [a quiet place]
2. 严肃地说 [to speak sternly]
3. 你的学校 [your school]

数量词组 Numeral-Measure Word Phrases

数量词组由数词和量词组合而成的一组词。一类数量词组由数词和名量词构成的。例如：

A numeral-measure word phrase combines a numeral and a measure word into a phrase. One kind of numeral-measure word phrase combines a numeral and a nominal measure word. For example,

1. 一本 (one book)
2. 两个 (two units)
3. 三辆 (three vehicles)

一类数量词组由数词和动量词构成的。例如：

Another kind of numeral-measure word phrase a numeral and a verbal measure word. For example,

1. 一趟 (one trip)
2. 两次 (two times)
3. 三遍 (three times)

数量词组和名词之间一般不能用助词“的”。但是名词所代表的事物和量词不一致不能搭配时，数量词组后面要用助词“的”。例如：

In general, the particle 的 is not used between a numeral-measure word phrase and a noun. However, when then measure word and the noun are not the usual match the particle 的 should be used. For example,

1. 一公斤的书 [one kilogram of books]
2. 一场的时间 [the duration of a game]

有的名词可以用在数词“一”后面作临时量词，表示数量多。例如：

Some nouns can be used after the numeral 一 to act temperarily as measure word, expressing a large quantity. For example,

1. 一桌子的书 [a table full of books]
2. 一屋子的人 [a room full of people]

数词“一”构成的数量词组在宾语前边的时候可以省去不用。例如：

When the numeral 一 is used in a numeral-measure word phrase in front of the object then it can be ommitted. For example,

1. 买一本书 —> 买本书 [buy a book]
2. 喝一杯水 —> 喝杯水 [drink a glass of water]

补充词组 Complementary Phrases

补充词组是按照补充关系组合起来的一组词。补充词组有两类：动补词组和形补词组。动补词组是由动词和补充成分组成的。例如：

A complementary phrase is one formed by a complementary relationship. There are two kinds of complementary phrases: verb-complement phrases and adjective-complement phrases. A verb-complement phrase is composed of a verb and a complement senentence element. For example,

1. 洗干净 [clean thoroughly] （“洗”是动词，“干净”是补充成分） （洗 is the verb and 干净 is the complement）
2. 选出 [to choose from a selection] （“选”是动词，“出”是补充成分） （选 is the verb and 出 is the complement）

刑补词组是由形容词与补充成分组成的。例如：

The adjective-complement phrase is composed of an adjective and a complement. For example,

1. 累极了 [very tired] （“累”是形容词，“极”是补充） （累 is the adjective and 极 is the complement）
2. 多一些 [a little more] （“多”是形容词，“一些”是补充成分） （多 is the adjective and 一些 is the complement）

有时补充词组里的中心语和补充成分之间要用结构助词“得”或“不”连接。例如：

Sometimes the structural particle 得 or 不 must be placed between the modified word and the complement. For example,

1. 睡得晚 [to go to sleep late]
2. 起得早 [to wake up early]
3. 走不动 [cannot walk]
4. 修不好 [to repair inadequately]

方位词组 Phrases of Locality

方位词组是由方位词作中心语构成的，表示处所，时间或数量的一组词。例如：

A phrase of locality is one where a noun of locality of modified to indicate place, time, or quantity. For example,

1. 屋里 [in a room]
2. 路边 [the road side]
3. 夜里 [in the night]
4. 几天前 [a few days ago]
5. 十岁以上 [over ten years old]

前面是修饰后面的方位词的。方位词组的前部分可以是名词，代词，动词或词组。

The noun of locality is preceded by a modifier. The modifier can be a noun, pronoun, verb, or phrase.

同位词组 Appositive Phrases

同位词组是用两个词从不同角度指出一个人或事物并互相说明。

A appositive phrase combines two words referring to the same person or thing from different perspectives.

1. 列宁同志 [comrade Lenin]
2. 他自己 [him alone]
3. 他们俩 [both of them]
4. 他们夫妻 [both of them, husband and wife]
5. 奥巴马总统 [President Obama]

固定词组 Set Phrases

固定词组是由某些词组成的固定格式，表示一个特定的概念，如专名，术语或成语等。例如：

A set phrase expresses a specific concept using fixed constituents. These are often proper nouns, technical terms, and idioms. For example,

1. 人民 大会 堂 [Great Hall of the People]
2. 北京 语言 学院 [Beijing Institute of Languages]
3. 成 千 上 万 [innumerable]
4. 四 面 八 方 [all directions]
5. 个人 电脑 [personal computer]
6. 超 文本 标记 语言 [Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)]

介词结构 Prepositional Phrases

介词结构（也叫介宾词组）是由介词带着宾语构成。介词结构可以表示动作的方向、时间、处所、目的、对象、方式、原因、被动、处置、比较、排除等等。例如：

A prepositional phrase is one where a preposition carries an object. A prepositional phrase can express the direction, time, place, goal, object, manner, reason, passive nature, handling, comparison, and exclusion of an action. For example,

1. 朝南 [to face towards the south — direction] （“朝”是介词，“南”是宾语） （朝 is the preposition，南 is the object）
2. 从三点 [from three o'clock — time]
3. 在广场 [in the plaza — place]
4. 为方便 [for convenience — goal]
5. 向天安门 [to Tiananmen — object]
6. 按照规定 [according to the rules — manner]
7. 由于新总统 [for the new president — reason]
8. 被洪水 [caught by a flood — passive nature]
9. 把这件事 [to handle this affair — handling]
10. 比人家 [compared to others — comparison]
11. 除此 [except for this — exclusion]

介词结构的主要用途是在句子中充当状语。例如：

The main use of prepositional phrases is to act as an adverbial adjunct in sentences. For example,

1. 他在北大学习。 [He studies at Beijing University.]
2. 老师给我们讲课。 [The teacher will give a lecture.]
3. 他对客人很热情。 [He is very friendly to customers.]

常见介词结构 Common Prepositional Patterns

“在…上”可以表示动作进行或状态存在的场所。“在…上”也可以表示范围或方面，“在”和“上”之间多为表示抽象的名词或动词。例如：

The form 在…上 can express the place where an action takes place or a condition exists. The form 在…上 can also be used to indicate scope or aspect when an abstract noun or verb is used in between. For example,

1. 这在历史上是不少的。 [This is not uncommon throughout history.]
2. 他在会上宣布了。 [He announced it in the meeting.]

“在…下”可以表示具体的场所或者可以表示条件，情况。例如：

The form 在…下 can indicate a concrete position or it can indicate a condition or situation. For example,

1. 在老师帮助下，我们都有很大的进步。 [With the help of our teachers we have all made great progress.]
2. 在家长鼓励下，他们的孩子拿到了这个机会。 [With the encouragement of his parents, their child was able to obtain this opportunity.]

“的”字结构 的 Phrases

“的”字结构是由结构助词“的”附在实词或者词组后面组合而成的词组。例如：

A 的 phrase is one where the structural particle 的 is attached to a notional word or phrase. For example,

1. 这份报纸是人家的。 [This newspaper belongs to someone else.] （“的”在代词后面） （的 is attached to a pronoun）
2. 这张床是弟弟的。 [This bed is my younger brother's.] （“的”在名词后面） （的 is attached to a noun）
3. 这件毛衣是红的。 [This sweater is red.] （“的”在形容词后面） （的 is after an adjective）
4. 参加的有十个人。 [There are ten people attending.] （“的”在动词后面） （的 is after a noun）
5. 参加会议的都来了。 [All the people attending the meeting are here.] （“的”在动宾词组后面） （的 is after a verb-object phrase）

“的”字结构在句子里的用途相当于一个名词。

A 的 phrases acts like a noun in a sentence.

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