汉语语法入门 An Introduction to Chinese Grammar

句子用途 Sentence Use

陈述句 Declarative Sentences

陈述句叙述一件事或说明观点。陈述句句末用句号“。”。比如：

Declarative sentences narrate an event or describe a point of view. They end in a period. For example,

1. 地球很大。 (The Earth is big.)
2. 他们题足球。 (They are playing soccer.)

疑问句 Interrogative Sentences

疑问句题出问题，句末用问号“？”。比如：

Interrogative sentences raise a question and end in a question mark. For example,

1. 谁敲门？ (Who is knocking on the door?)
2. 你几岁了？ (How old are you?)
3. 你吃饱了吗？ (Are you full?)

有七种疑问句：

There are seven types of interrogative sentence:

1. 用语气助词“吗”的疑问句 (Questions that use the modal particle 吗)

   在陈述句句尾加语气助词“吗”，陈述句的词序不变。比如： (Add the modal particle 吗 to the end of a declarative sentence. The word order of the declarative sentence does not change. For example)

   1. 你吃饭吗？ (Are you going to eat?)

   2. 你回美国吗？ (Are you American?)

2. 用疑问代词的疑问句 (Questions that use interrogative pronouns)

   疑问代词可以放在主语、宾语或谓语的位置。比如： (The interrogative pronoun can be placed in the location of the subject, the object, or the predicate. For example,)

   1. 谁加班？ (Who is doing overtime?)

      疑问代词“谁”放在主语位置。 (The interrogative pronoun 谁 is placed at the position of the subject.)

   2. 你去哪里？ (Where are you going?)

      疑问代词“哪里”放在宾语位置。 (The interrogative pronoun 哪里 is placed in the position of the object.)

   3. 你的车怎么了？ (What is wrong with your car?)

      疑问代词“怎么”放在谓语的位置。 (The interrogative pronoun 怎么 is placed in the location of the predicate.)

3. 正反疑问句 (Affirmative-negative questions)

   正反疑问句并列谓语的肯定和否定形式。比如： (Affirmative-negative questions place positive and negative forms of the predicate adjacent to each other. For example,)

   1. 你去不去上海？ (Are you going to Shanghai?)

      主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 不　＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 (Subject + predicate + 不 + predicate + object)

   2. 你有足够的钱没有？ (Do you have enough money?)

      主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 没　＋ 谓语 (Subject + predicate + object + 没 + predicate)

4. 用连词“还是”的选择式疑问句 (Questions using the conjunction 还是)

   这种疑问句用连词“还是”并列几种情况要求答话人选择。 (This kind of question poses several alternatives in conjunction and expects the person answering to make a choice.)

   1. 你明天休息还是加班？ (Are you resting or working overtime tomorrow?)

      主语 ＋ 谓语1 ＋ “还是” ＋ 谓语2 (Subject + predicate1 + 还是 + predicate2)

      这个疑问句用两个谓语“休息”、“加班”问做什么。 (This question uses the two predicates 休息 and 加班 to ask what are you going to do?)

   2. 你住在公寓还是住别墅？ (Do you live in an apartment or live in a house?)

      主语 ＋ 谓语1 ＋ 宾语1 ＋ “还是” ＋ 谓语2 ＋ 宾语2 (Subject + predicate1 + object1 + 还是 + predicate2 + object2)

      这个疑问句用两个宾语“公寓”、“别墅”问地点。 (This question uses the two objects 公寓 and 别墅 to ask where?)

   3. 他们先去还是我们先去？ (A we going first or are they going first?)

      主语1 ＋ 谓语1 ＋ “还是” ＋ 主语2 ＋ 谓语2 (Subject1 + predicate1 + 还是 + subject2 + predicate2)

      这个疑问句用两个主语“他们”、“我们”问谁 (This question uses the two subjects 他们 and 我们 to ask who?)

   4. 咱们今天去还是明天去？ (Are you going today or tomorrow?)

      主语1 ＋ 状语1 ＋ “还是” ＋ 状语2 ＋ 谓语2 ? (Subject1 + adverbial adjunct1 + predicate1 + 还是 + adverbial adjunct2 + predicate1)

      这个疑问句用两个状语“今天”、“明天”问时间。 (This question uses the two adverbial adjuncts 今天 and 明天 to ask when?)

5. 用“是不是”的疑问句 (Questions that use 是不是)

   这种疑问句用“是不是”证实某个情况。“是不是”可以用在各类句子中。比如： (This kind of question uses 是不是 to confirm a condition. 是不是 can be used in all kinds of sentences. For example,

   1. 你是不是明天去美国？ (Are you going to the United States tomorrow?)

      主语 ＋ “是不是” ＋ 谓语？ (Subject + 是不是 + predicate)

      “是不是”一般放在主语和谓语中间。 (是不是 is usually placed between the subject and the predicate.)

   2. 是不是你明天去美国？ (Are you going to the United States tomorrow?)

      “是不是” ＋ 主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语？ (是不是 + subject + predicate + object?)

      有时“是不是”放在句首或句尾。 (Sometimes 是不是 is placed at the beginning or end of the sentence.)

   3. 你明天去美国是不是？ (Are you going to the United States tomorrow?)

      主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 ＋ “是不是”？ (subject + predicate + object + 是不是?)

6. 用“呢”的疑问句 (Questions that use 呢)

   这种疑问句在独语句加上助词“呢”询问人或事物在哪里、怎么样。 (This kind of sentence adds the particle 呢 to the end of a one word sentence to ask the location or condition of a person or thing.

   1. （我想喝咖啡。）你呢？ (I would like to drink some coffee.) How about you?

   2. 电话呢？ (Where is the telephone?)

   3. 你的背包呢？ (Where is your backpack?)

      偏正词组 ＋ 呢 (endocentric phrase + 呢)

7. 用“多”的疑问句 Questions using 多

   这种疑问句用副词“多”询问程度或数量？“多”后面只能带一个词，一般是单音形容词。比如： (This kind of sentence uses the adverb 多 to ask about degree or quantity. There can only be a single word after 多, which is usually a monosyllabic adjective. For example,)

   1. 那棵树多高？ (How tall is that tree?)

   2. 你母亲多大？ (How old is your mother?)

祈使句 Imperative Sentences

祈使句表示催促、命令、请求、劝告等祈使语气的语调。句尾用句号“。”或感叹号“！”。祈使句经常不用主语，谓语常由动词充当。比如：

Imperative sentences express a command, a request, or advice in an imperative tone. A period or explamation mark is used at the end of the sentence. The subject is often missing and the predicate is usually a verb. For example,

1. 快走！ (Quick, go!)

2. 吃饭！ (Eat!)

3. 请进！ (Come in!)

   句首常用动词“请”。 (The verb 请 is often used at the beginning of the sentence.)

感叹句 Exclamatory Sentences

感叹句表示厌恶、赞美、喜爱、惊讶等各种感情又用感叹的语调。句尾用感叹号“！”。比如：

Exclamatory sentences express admiration, love, surprise, loathing and other emotions in an exclamatory tone. An exclamation mark is used at the end of the sentence. For example,

1. 今天天气真冷！ (It is freezing today!)

   感叹句经常用高程度的副词，比如“多”、“真”、“太”等。 (Exclamatory sentences often use adverbs expressing a high degree, such as 多、真、and 太.

2. 孩子多聪明啊！ (That child is so beautiful!)

   感叹句常加语气助词“啊”和“了”。 (The modal particles 啊 and 了 are often added to exclamatory sentences.)

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