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Enter a term in Simplified Chinese or English to search on, for example 三代 or Three Dynasties, or click one of the tags below. China and World History Comparison 中国与世界历史比较 Tags: Chinese History High Level 中国重点历史, Modern Chinese History 现代中国历史, Chinese Monarchs 中国君主 [show more], Chinese History 中国历史, World History 世界历史, Asia 亚洲, Western Zhou 西周, Spring and Autumn Period 春秋, Warring States Period 战国, Qin Dynasty 秦朝, Han Dynasty 汉朝, Western Han 西汉, Eastern Han 东汉, Three Kingdoms 三国, Jin Dynasty 晋朝, Northern and Southern Dynasties 南北朝, Sui Dynasty 隋朝, Tang Dynasty 唐朝, Liao Dynasty 辽朝, Song Dynasty 宋朝, Yuan Dynasty 元朝, Ming Dynasty 明朝, Qing Dynasty 清朝, Republic of China 中华民国, People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国, Prehistory 史前时代 Buddhism 佛教, Chinese Philosophy 中国哲学, Western Philosophy 西方哲学, Calligraphy 书法, Literature 文学, Military 军事, Science 科学, Technology 技术 Silk Road 丝绸之路 [show less] Chinese History High Level 中国重点历史Eventsc.4000 BCE 母系氏族公社 Matriarchal Clans Both matriarchal and patriarchal clans existed in China during the Paleolithic. c.4000 BCE 裴李岗文化 Peiligang Culture New Stone Age culture emerged in the middle reaches of the Yellow River c.2699 BCE 黄帝 Yellow Emperor Legendary Yellow Emperor reign began, the traditional start of (written) Chinese history c.2500 BCE 龙山文化 Longshan Culture The Yangshao culture was superseded by the Longshan culture at about this time. c.2400 BCE 三代 Three Dynasties The Three Dynasties period, including, Xia, Shang, and Zhou, is considered to begin sometime before 2400 BCE. c.2400 BCE 夏朝 Xia The legendary Xia Dynasty, the first of the Three Dynasties, is considered to begin sometime before 2400 BCE. c.2000 BCE 三星堆 Three Stars Mound Earliest artifacts from the archaeological site in Sichuan produced by a Bronze Age culture c.800 BCE 圭表 Guibiao An astronomical instrument based on the position and length of the shadow of a dial in the sun was used c.770 BCE 洛阳 Luoyang Zhou capital moved to Luoyang (then called Luoyi 雒邑) because of invasion from nomadic tribes c.770 BCE 春秋 Spring and Autumn Period The Eastern Zhou Dynasty began with the Spring and Autumn Period. The influence of Zhou was replaced with more than ten smaller states. c.770 BCE 百家争鸣 Hundred Schools of Thought Contend Classical philosophic schools contend for their voices to be heard starting about this time c.546 BCE 春秋五霸 Five Hegemons The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period was reduced to two: Jin 晋 and Chu 楚 c.500 BCE 孙子兵法 Art of War Written by Sun Zi 孙子, statesman and military strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period c.479 BCE 墨子 Mo Zi Philosopher, military strategist, scientist, and founder of the founder of Mohist School 墨家 was born c.475 BCE 考工记 Records of Examination of Craftsman The earliest known Chinese work on crafts and technology, compiled sometime in the Spring and Autumn Period c.403 BCE 三家分晋 Three Houses Split Jin The state of Jin is split into three smaller states: Han 韩, Zhao 赵, and Wei 魏 c.372 BCE 孟子 Mencius Influential Confucian philosopher and author of the classical text with the same name was born c.356 BCE 商鞅变法 Shang Yang's Political Reforms Political reform of the State of Qin 秦国 that led it to domination c.340 BCE 屈原 Qu Yuan Statesman and poet, the first poet in China to be known by name in historic records c.300 BCE 指南针 Compass Invented before or around this time, referred to in the book Devil Valley Master 鬼谷子 c.280 BCE 韩非 Han Fei Qin Legalist philosopher who advocated strict authoritarian rule was born, had a strong Influence on the the first emperor Qin Shihuang and later rulers. 221 BCE 秦始皇 Qin Shi Huang Qin Shi Huang unified China defeating the other states of the Warring States Period. c.213 BCE 焚书坑儒 Burn the books and bury Confucian scholars alive The Qin Dynasty standardized characters and burned books written in non-standard variants c.210 BCE 兵马俑 Terracotta Army 8,000 soldiers as well as chariots and horses were made to assist Emperor Qin Shihuang in the afterlife 206 BCE 秦朝 Qin Dyansty The Qin Dyansty ended when the infant Emperor Qin San Shi surrendered to Liu Bang c.141 BCE 丝绸之路 Silk Road Initially opened from China to the West during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, connecting China with the Roma c.139 BCE 西域 Western Regions Han diplomat Zhang Qian 张骞 was dispatched to the Western Regions (present day Xinjiang) creating a Han Chinese mission at a strategic point along the Silk Road c.136 BCE 儒家 Confucianism Emperor Wu of Han 汉武帝 made the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing respect and harmony, the official state ideology c.121 BCE 匈奴 Huns Han military defeated the Huns in a number of battles, forcing them north and west c.109 BCE 史记 Records of the Historian Voluminous chronicle of ancient Chinese history compiled from approximately 109 BC to 91 BCE. 8 BCE 西汉 Western Han The Western Han Dyansty or former Han Dynasty ended. It was interrupted by Wang Mang, who established the short lived Xin Dynasty. c.8 BCE 战国策 Stratagems of the Warring States Military chronicle of the Warring States Period was compiled 25 东汉 Eastern Han The Eastern Han Dyansty or Later Han Dynasty began when Emperor Guangwu 光武皇帝 regained control for Han 25 洛阳 Luoyang The capital moves to Luoyang with the beginning of the Eastern Han. The later Han is called Eastern Han because of the location of the capital. c.121 造纸术 Paper Making Technique Cai Lun developed an improved paper making technique forming the basis for modern techniques c.130 天文 Astronomy Han astronomer Zhang Heng 张衡 documented about 2,500 stars in his star catalogue, explained eclipses, and made numerous other advances in astronomy and science 155 曹操 Cao Cao Born. Cao Cao was instrumental in founding the state of Cao Wei, the strongest of the Three Kingdoms c.215 张仲景 Zhang Zhongjing physician and medical researcher, wrote the book of Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases 265 洛阳 Luoyang Luoyang became the capital of the Jin court, which controls most of China at this point 280 三国 Three Kingdoms The Three Kingdoms period ends when Jin gains control of Wu 吴, the last of the three kingdoms. 304 十六国 Sixteen Kingdoms Period begins when Jin was attacked by many ethnic groups on the boarders around the China Central Plains 317 东晋 Eastern Jin Dynasty The Eastern Jin Dyansty began. It is referred to as because of the location of the capital (Jiankan) in relation to the capitals of the Western Jin at Luoyang and Xi'an. 420 南北朝 Northern and Southern Dynasties The Northern and Southern Dynasties, which included Song (or Liu Song or earlier Song), Qi, Liang, and Chen, began. 471 孝文帝 Emperor Xiaowen of Wei Began his reign, reformed the measuring systems and expanded education c.500 禅宗 Chan School of Buddhism Commonly known as Zen, was founded in China by Indian monk Bodhidharma c.533 齐民要术 Essential Skill to Benefit the People The best preserved ancient Chinese agricultural text, written by Jia Sixie 581 长安 Chang'an Chang'an became the capital of China once more with the establishment of the Sui Dynasty. 605 大运河 Grand Canal The the first major section of the Grand Canal, Bian Qu, was completed. The Grand Canal was one of the great achievements of the Sui Dynasty. c.742 鉴真 Ganjin Tank monk Venerable Ganjin is received in Japan and influential in Japanese Buddhism 755 安史之乱 An Shi Rebellion The An Shi Rebellion began. Precipitated by the military leader An Lushanm, the rebellion resulted in millions of deaths. 907 唐朝 Tang Dynasty The Tang Dyansty ended, overthrown by the military governmer Zhu Wen, who founded the Later Liang Dynasty. 907 辽朝 Liao Dynasty The Liao Dyansty began. It coexisted with the Song Dyansty covered areas of Northern China, Manchuria, and Mongolia. 907 五代 The Five Dynasties The chaotic Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period began as many small states were established with the collapse of the Tang. 986 燕云十六州 Sixteen Prefectures Stretching from Beijing to Yungang Caves was contested between the Song and the Khitan 契丹 People at the Battle of Qigou Pass. The Khitan maintained control. c.1023 纸币 Paper Currency The jiaozi 交子 was the first paper currency used in world history. It was used in Chengdu, Sichuan 1044 武经总要 Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques Book written that described a wide range of military techniques and technologies and contained the first written formula for gunpowder 1084 资治通鉴 Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government Voluminous historic work by Si Maguang 司马光 written c.1088 梦溪笔谈 Dream Pool Essays Book by Song scientist and statesman Shen Kuo 沈括 on geology, astronomy, movable type printing, botany, zoology, and swords. It contained the first description of describe the magnetic needle compass c.1088 地磁偏角 Magnetic Declination The declination of the earth's magnetic field was first described by Song scientist and statesman Shen Kuo 沈括 (400 years earlier than used in Europe) c.1100 算盘 Abacus Use of the abacus in China dates back at least this point when it began to replace counting rods 1125 辽朝 Liao Dynasty The Liao Dyansty ended, destroyed by the Jurchen, the ancestors of the Manchus, of the Jin Dynasty. 1127 靖康之耻 Humiliation of Jingkang The Song Emperor, Retired Emperor, and the Imperial family were captured by the Jin. Most were executed or sold into slavery. 1132 大炮 Cannon First documented battlefield use of gunpowder artillery was by Song General Han Shizhong 1149 农书 Agricultural Treatise Wang Zhen 王祯 compiled the first comprehensive reference on agricultural techniques c.1151 宝钞 Chao The chao 宝钞 (abbreviation 钞) was a paper currency used widely in the Jin, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties 1235 钓鱼城之战 Battle of Fishing City Began in present day Sichuan where the Southern Song held off the Mongols and killed Mongol leader Möngke Khan by cannon shot 1279 元朝 Yuan Dyansty The Yuan Dyansty began with the occupation of China by the Mongols. Trade with Central Asia flourished. 1281 授时历 Shoushili Calendar Computed the year to be year to be 365.2425 days, nearly as accurate as the Gregorian calendar (1582) 1306 国子监 Imperial Academy Higher education institution moved to the new capital, present day Beijing c.1330 岛夷志略 Dao Yi Zhi Lue Book written by Yuan Dynsty traveller Wang Dayuan 汪大渊 recounting travels in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa 1368 元朝 Yuan Dyansty The Yuan Dyansty ended when Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋 (Emperor Taizu of Ming) led a peasant rebellion overthrowing the Yuan administration. c.1375 火龙经 Fire Dragon Manual Ming manual on military technology was written, contained early descriptions of land mines, naval mines, cannons, handguns, and other gunpowder based weapons c.1400 三国演义 Romance of Three Kingdoms One of the Four Classic Chinese Novels was written by Luo Guanzhong 罗贯中 1405 郑和 Zheng He Sails west on a series of expeditions to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Africa 1449 土木堡之变 Tumu Crisis The wipe out of the entire Ming military force and capture of Emperor Zhengtong at Tumubao, Mongolia 1525 张居正 Zhang Juzheng Ming politician who introduced legal reforms strengthening the state was born c.1590 西游记 Journey to the West One of the Four Classic Chinese Novels written by Wu Chengen 吴承恩 was published 1628 明末农民起义 Peasant Uprising of the Late Ming Began due to the conditions imposed on them by the Ming government 1644 南明 Southern Ming After the defeat of the Ming in the North some of the imperial family fled to the South and were claimed to be emperors 1662 台湾 Taiwan Ming loyalist 郑成功 Koxinga defeated Dutch colonialists in Formosa and gaining control of the island 1757 海禁 Prohibition on entering or leaving by sea China introduced a policy of to close the passes and seal off the country 闭关锁国, restricting sea travel as a form of trade protectionism 1842 南京条约 Treaty of Nanjing Ended the First Opium War on the condition that five major ports be opened for trade and the Island of Hong Kong be given to Britain 1851.1.11 太平天国 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Established by the leader of the Taiping Rebellion, 洪秀全 Hong Xiuquan, at its peak occupying parts of eighteen provinces in Southern China 1853 天京 Tianjing Taiping forces occupied Nanjing and renamed it Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 太平天国 1860 圆明园 Old Summer Palace The Old Summer Palace or Yuanmingyuan was sacked by British and French troops. 1881 中俄伊犁条约 Treaty of Saint Petersburg Russia handed back Yili province to China in exchange for compensation payment and unequal treaty rights 1885.4 中法战争 Sino-French War Ended with France seizing Northern Vietnam and China retaining control of Guangxi 1895.4.17 马关条约 Treaty of Shimonoseki Concluded the first Sino-Japanese war and ceded Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to Japan 1898 义和团运动 Boxer Rebellion An anti-colonialist, anti-Christian movement in response to European opium traders and political invasion began 1898.6.9 展拓香港界址专条 Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Britain forced China to sign a treaty to lease the New Territories of Hong Kong for 99 years 1901.9.7 辛丑条约 Boxer Protocol Was signed after the Boxer Uprising. It included 450 million taels of silver and a number of unfair conditions 1905 中国同盟会 Chinese United League Sun Yat-sen's alliance for democracy was founded; later became the Nationalist Party 国民党 1912.2.12 宣统 Emperor Xuan Tong The last emperor abdicated after the declaration of the Republic of China 1949.10.1 中华民国 Republic of China The Republic of China government moves to Taiwan, defeat of the Nationalists by the Communists. 1958 大跃进 Great Leap Forward An economic and social experiment, with estimated 20 million people dying of starvation |
Zu Haishan (Ed.), 2006. The History of China, Beijing Thread-binding Books Publishing House, 2006.9 ISBN 7-80106-524-3.
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