Han Feizi 韓非子
三守第十六 Chapter 16: Three Precautions
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人主有三守。三守完,則國安身榮;三守不完,則國危身殆。何謂三守?人臣有議當途之失,用事之過,舉臣之情,人主不心藏而漏之近習能人,使人臣之欲有言者,不敢不下適近習能人之心,而乃上以聞人主,然則端言直道之人不得見,而忠直日疏。愛人,不獨利也,待譽而後利之;憎人不獨害也,待非而後害之。然則人主無威而重在左右矣。惡自治之勞憚,使群臣輻湊之變,因傳柄移藉,使殺生之機,奪予之要在大臣,如是者侵。此謂三守不完。三守不完,則劫殺之征也。凡劫有三:有明劫,有刑劫,人臣有大臣之尊,外操國要以資群臣,使外內之事非已不得行。雖有賢良,逆者必有禍,而順者必有福。然則群臣直莫敢忠主憂國以爭社稷之利害。人主雖賢,不能獨計,而人臣有不敢忠主,則國為亡國矣。此謂國無臣。國無臣者,豈郎中虛而朝臣少哉?群臣持祿養交,行私道而不效公忠,此謂明劫。鬻寵擅權,矯外以勝內,險言禍福得失之形,以阿主之好惡。人主聽之,卑身輕國以資之,事敗與主分其禍,而功成則臣獨專之。諸用事之人,壹心同辭以語其美,則主言惡者必不信矣。此謂事劫。至於守司囹圄,禁制刑罰,人臣擅之,此謂刑劫。三守不完,則三劫者起;三守完,則三劫者止。三劫止塞,則王矣。Chinese text: This work was published before January 1, 1923, and is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
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