General Chinese Language References

Please also see pages General Buddhism References and Fo Guang Shan References.

  2. Acker William, “Nineteen Poems” in Minford, John and Joseph Lau (eds) 2000, An Anthology of Translations: Classical Chinese Literature, Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Late Tang, New York: Columbia University Press and Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, pp. 495-512.
  3. Asato, Noriko (ed). 2013. Handbook for Asian Studies Specialists: A Guide to Research Materials and Collection Building Tools, Libraries Unlimited, Santa Barbara, California, http://ebooks.abc-clio.com/?isbn=9781598848434.
  4. Barnes, A., 2007. Chinese through Poetry: an Introduction to the Language and Imagery of Traditional Verse. Alcuin Academics, York.
  5. “Baidu Baike,” Baidu, Accessed January 10, 2015. http://baike.baidu.com/.
  6. Barrett, T H 1993, “Liezi 列子,” In Michael Loewe, (ed.) Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, pp. 298-308.
  7. Bielenstein, H 1980, The Bureaucracy of Han Times, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  8. Biran, Michal 2005, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  9. Boltz, William G 1993, “Lao tzu Tao te ching 老子道德經,” In Michael Loewe, (ed.) Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, pp. 269-293.
  10. Bray, Francis 2011, “Chinese Literati and the Transmission of Technological Knowledge: The Case of Agriculture,” in Cultures of Knowledge: Technology in Chinese History, edited by Dagmar Schäfer, Leiden; Boston: BRILL.
  11. Bussmann, Hadumod, ed. 2007, Yunanxue Cidian 语言学词典 , Beijing: Commercial Press.
  12. Cai, Zong-qi 2008, How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology, New York: Columbia University Press.
  13. Cao Xueqin 1892-3, Hung Lou Mêng: Or, The Dream of the Red Chamber; a Chinese Novel, tr. by H Bencraft Joly, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Yokohama, and Singapore: Kelly & Walsh, Books 1 and 2.
  14. CEDICT project. “CC-CEDICT.” Accessed March 2, 2014. http://cc-cedict.org/wiki/ and MDBG Chinese-English dictionary, online dictionary website based on CC-CEDICT.
  15. Chan, Hok-lam 2014, “Chinese Official History at the Yuan Court: The Compilation of the Liao, Chin, and Sung Histories,” in China Under Mongol Rule, edited by John D Langlois, e-book, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 56–106.
  16. Chan Sin-Wai 1993, A Glossary of Translation terms: English-Chinese Chinese-English 英漢漢英翻譯學詞匯 . Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
  17. Chan, Sin-wai. 2004. A Dictionary of Translation Technology. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
  18. Chan, Wing-tsit 1963, A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  19. Chang, Kang-i Sun, and Stephen Owen, eds. 2010, The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature: From 1375, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  20. Chaussende, Damien 2015, Liang 梁書,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California, pp. 167-170.
  21. Chen Fu Hua 陈复华, ed. Gudai Hanyu Cidian 古代汉语词典 . Beijing: China Commercial Press 商务印书馆, 2005.
  22. Chen Jiarong, Xie Fang, Lu Junling, 1986. Gudai Nanhai Diming Hui Shi 古代南海地名汇释 . Zhonghua Book Company, Beijing.
  23. Chen Shou, Songzhi Pei, Robert Joe Cutter and William Gordon Crowell 1999, Empresses and Consorts: Selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States With Pei Songzhi's Commentary, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  24. Cheung, Martha PY (ed.) 2014, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Volume 1): From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project, London and New York: Routledge.
  25. Cheung, Martha 2017, An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation (Volume 2): From the Late Twelfth Century to 1800, E-Book, New York: Routledge.
  26. Chien, Cecilia Lee-fang 2004, Salt and State: An Annotated Translation of the Songshi Salt Monopoly Treatise, Michigan: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
  27. China Communications Press, 2016. World Atlas 世界地图册, China Communications Press, Beijing.
  28. “Chinese Text Project.” Accessed March 2, 2014. http://ctext.org. Specific entries are listed in the corpus.
  29. “China Vitae.” 2016. Accessed May 19. http://chinavitae.com.
  30. Choi, Mihwa 2017, Death Rituals and Politics in Northern Song China, E-Book. New York: Oxford University Press.
  31. Choo, Jessey Jiun-Chyi trans. 2014, “Return to the North? The Debate on Moving the Capital back to Luoyang,” In Wendy Swartz et al eds Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, e-book, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 42-56.
  32. Cross-Cultural Healthcare Program. 2011. Chinese medical glossary. Seattle, WA: Cross Cultural Health Care Program.
  33. Crowell, William Gordon 2015, Nan Qi shu 南齊書,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California, pp. 202-208.
  34. Crystal, D., 2008. Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th edition (Kindle), Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA ; Oxford.
  35. Csikszentmihalyi, Mark 2006, Readings in Han Chinese Thought, Indianapolis (Ind.): Hackett,
  36. Cullen, Christopher 2017, Foundations of Celestial Reckoning - Three Ancient Chinese Astronomical Systems, E-Book=, London and New York: Routledge.
  37. Cutter, Robert Joe 2001, “Poetry from 200 BCE to 600 CE,” In: Mair, Victor H. (ed.) The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, United Kingdom: Columbia University Press, Google Play edition.
  38. David, Vee 2013, Kanji Handbook, Japan: Tuttle Publishing.
  39. de Crespigny, Rafe 1967, Official Titles of the Former Han Dynasty, Oriental Monograph Series No. 2, Canberra: Australian National University Press.
  40. DeFrancis, J. (Ed.), 2003. ABC Chinese-English comprehensive dictionary: alphabetically based computerized, ABC Chinese dictionary series. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu.
  41. Denecke, Wiebke 2017, 'Chapter 14: Masters (Zi 子),' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), e-book, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 201-218.
  42. Dictionary Department, Institute of Languages, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Ed.), 2002. The contemporary chinese dictionary, Chinese-English edition, Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, Beijing.
  43. Dien, Albert E 2014, “The Disputation at Pengcheng: Accounts from the Wei Shu and Song Shu,” In Wendy Swartz et al eds Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, e-book, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 57-84. This chapter contains parts of volume 59 and the corresponding passages from the Book of Wei.
  44. Dillon, Michael 2013. China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, E-Book, New York: Routledge.
  45. Dong Zhongshu, Queen Sarah, and John S. Major tr. 2016, Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn, New York: Columbia University Press.
  46. Downing, D, Covington, MA & Covington, MM 2015, Barron’s Dictionary of Computer and Internet Terms, English-Chinese translation, Qinghua University Press, Beijing.
  47. Durrant, Stephen, Li Wai-yee, and David Schaberg, trans. 2016, Zuo Tradition: Zuozhuan : Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals", Seattle: University of Washington Press, Google Play ed.
  48. Durrant, Stephen 2017, 'Chapter 13: Histories (Shi 史),' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), e-book, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 184-200.
  49. Fairbank, John King 1992, China: A New History, Cambridge, Massachesetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  50. Farquhar, David M, “Structure and Function in the Yuan Imperial Government,” in China Under Mongol Rule, edited by John D Langlois, E-Book, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 25–55.
  51. Fuller, M A 2004, An introduction to literary Chinese, Rev. ed, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard East Asian monographs. Harvard University Asia Center, Distributed by Harvard University Press.
  52. Fuller, Michael A 2017, An Introduction to Chinese Poetry: From the Canon of Poetry to the Lyrics of the Song Dynasty, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Asia Center, Harvard University Press.
  53. Getty Research Institute. 2016. “Art & Architecture Thesaurus.” Accessed August 16. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/.
  54. Getty Research Institute. 2016. “Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names.” Accessed August 25. http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/tgn/.
  55. Giles, Herbert Allen 1873, A Dictionary of Colloquial Idioms in the Mandarin Dialecty, Shanghai: A H De Carvalho.
  56. Giles, Herbert Allen 1898, A Chinese Biographical Dictionary 古今姓氏族譜 . London; Shanghai: B. Quaritch ; Kelly & Walsh.
  57. Giles, Herbert Allen 1892, A Chinese-English Dictionary, London: B. Quaritch.
  58. Giles, Lionel tr. 1910, Sun Tzu on the Art of War, London: Luzac and Company, https://www.sacred-texts.com/tao/aow/index.htm
  59. Gong Guangli (Ed.) 2011, An English-Chinese Chinese-English Glossary of Library Science, Intelligence and Bibliography, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, Shanghai.
  60. Gu, Renao. 2003. A Comprehensive English-Chinese Dictionary of Science and Technology. Bejing: Commercial Press.
  61. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, and Henan Ci Yuan Revision Committee, 1983, Revised ed, Ci Yuan 辭源 , Commercial Press, Beijing.
  62. Guo Puzhi and Xing Bingshu (Eds). Er Ya 爾雅 , 1739, Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/er-ya, reprint, from 爾雅注疏 武英殿十三經注疏 本 published by 廣東書局. Accessed 2015-09-21.
  63. Guoyu Cidian 國語辭典 www.moedict.tw, Accessed 2017-02-11.
  64. Hightower J R, “Gentleman of the Five Willow Trees” in Minford, John and Joseph Lau (eds) 2000, An Anthology of Translations: Classical Chinese Literature, Volume 1: From Antiquity to the Late Tang, New York: Columbia University Press and Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, pp. 493-495.
  65. Ho, Y., 2002. Chinese-English Frequency Dictionary: A Study Guide to Mandarin Chinese’s 500 Most Frequently Used Words. Hippocrene Books.
  66. Hong Genshou (ed.) 1996, Concise Historical Atlas of China 简明中国历史地图集, Beijing: China Map Publishing Company 中国地图出版社.
  67. Hsieh, L 2015, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, New York Review of Books, Kindle ed.
  68. Hucker, C O 1985, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  69. Hui Yu, (ed.), 2004. A New Century Chinese-English Dictionary 新世纪汉英大词典, Beijing: Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press.
  70. Idema, W L and Haft, L 1997, A Guide to Chinese Literature, Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.
  71. Jiao, Liwei, Cornelius C. Kubler ∓ Weiguo Zhang 2013, 500 Common Chinese Idioms: An Annotated Frequency Dictionary, Kindle, Routledge, Oxon, UK.
  72. Karlgren, Bernhard 1974, Analytic dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese, New York: Dover Publications.
  73. Kern, Martin 2017. Origins of Chinese Political Philosophy: Studies in the Composition and Thought of the Shangshu. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
  74. Knapp, Keith N trans. 2014, “Confucian Views on the Supernatural,” In Wendy Swartz et al eds Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, e-book, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 665-676.
  75. Knechtges, David R and Taiping Cheng (eds.) 2010, Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One, Leiden; Boston: Leiden Brill Academic Publishers.
  76. Knechtges, David R and Taiping Cheng (eds.) 2014a, Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Two, Leiden; Boston: Leiden Brill Academic Publishers.
  77. Knechtges, David R and Taiping Cheng (eds.) 2014b, Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part Three & Four, Leiden; Boston: Leiden Brill Academic Publishers.
  78. Knechtges, David R., and Xiao Tong. 2014a, Wen Xuan or Selections of Refined Literature, E-Book. Princeton: Princeton University Press., 3 volumes.
  79. Knechtges, David R 2015, Wen xuan 文選,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California.
  80. Knechtges, David R 2017, 'Chapter 19: Pre-Tang Anthologies and Anthologization,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 293-302.
  81. Kohn, Livia 2018, Daoist China: Governance, Economics, Culture, St Pertersburg, Florida:Three Pines Press.
  82. Kroll, PW 2015, A Student’s Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese, Leiden, Boston: Brill.
  83. Kroll, Paul W 2017, 'Chapter 20: Anthologies in the Tang,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 303-315.
  84. Kuan Huan, Translated by Esson McDowell Gale 1931, Discourses on Salt and Iron: A Debate on State Control of Commerce and Industry in Ancient China, Chapters I-XIX, Leyden: Brill, online at Discourses on Salt and Iron.
  85. Kuwayama, Shoshin 2023, “The Kushans, Viz. the Dà Yuèzhī: A Century-Long Fallacy,” In The World of the Ancient Silk Road, edited by Xin ru Liu and Pia Brancaccio, Kindle., 189-201, The Routledge Worlds, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.
  86. Lao She, 2003. Luotuo Xiangzi 骆驼祥子 , Illustrated ed., The People’s Literature Publishing House 人民文学出版社, Beijing.
  87. Lao She, 2003. Luotuo Xiangzi 骆驼祥子, Illustrated ed., The People’s Literature Publishing House 人民文学出版社, Beijing.
  88. Lao She, 2010. Tea House 茶馆 . Hainan Press, Haikou, Hainan.
  89. Lao Yundong 劳允栋 2004, An English-Chinese Dictionary of Linguistics 英汉语言学词典 , Beijing: Commercial Press.
  90. Lee, Jen-Der 2014, “Crime and Punishment: the Case of Liu Hui in the Wei Shu,” In Wendy Swartz et al eds Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook, e-book, New York: Columbia University Press.
  91. Legge, James 1861, The Chinese Classics: with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, Volume I: Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean, Hong Kong and London: Trubner & Co. Digitization at Wikipedia https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chinese_Classics/Volume_1/Confucian_Analects and https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Chinese_Classics/XAdJSH6CkyUC, Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/analects, accessed June 1, 2014. Source: Legge, J 1861, "The Chinese Classics, volume 1."
  92. Legge, James 1865, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. III, A Translation of the Book of Documents, Classic of History, or Shujing, Hong Kong and London: Trubner and Co., Part I: https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics07legggoog, Part II: https://archive.org/details/chineseclassics01minggoog, also at https://ctext.org/shang-shu
  93. Legge, J 1885, The Classic of Ritesi> 禮記 , in Sacred Books of the East, volume 28, part 4: The Li Ki, http://ctext.org/liji, accessed 2015-11-19..
  94. Legge, J 1891, The Writings of Chuang Tzu 莊子 . Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/zhuangzi, accessed 2015-10-24.
  95. Legge, J., 1899. Book of Changes 周易 . Sacred Books of the East, volume 16, http://ctext.org/book-of-changes, accessed 2015-09-23.
  96. Legge, J 1898, The Book of Odes 詩經 ， Chinese Text Project, accessed 2 June 2015, http://ctext.org/book-of-poetry. Source: "The Chinese Classics, volume 4", James Legge, 1898.
  97. Legge, J 1861, The Analects of Confucius, 論語 , ” Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/analects, accessed June 1, 2014. Source: Legge, J 1861, "The Chinese Classics, volume 1."
  98. Levi, Jean 1993, “Han Fei Tzu 韓非子,” In Michael Loewe, (ed.) Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, pp. 115-124.
  99. Li Chaomin 2019, “The System of Tribute Equalisation in the Han,” in Lin, C., Peach, T. and Fang, W. eds., The Political Economy of the Han Dynasty and Its Legacy, Routledge, pp. 101-114.
  100. Li Shaoqi, 2003. A Guide to Function Words in Modern Chinese. Beijing University Press, Beijing.
  101. Li, Wai-Yee 2017, 'Traditional Genre Spectrum: Editor's Introduction,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 163-169.
  102. Liao, W. K. 1939, The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzu, London: Arthur Probsthain.
  103. Lin, Delia 2017 Civilising Citizens in Post-Mao China: Understanding the Rhetoric of Suzhi. Taylor & Francis.
  104. Linghu, Defen and Roy Andrew Miller 1959, Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b], Issue 6 of Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  105. Liu, An, John S. Major, Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, and Harold D. Roth 2010, The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, by Liu An, King of Huainan, New York: Columbia University Press.
  106. Liu Lianli (Ed.), 1999. HSK Chinese profiency test vocabulary guidline: A dictionary of Chinese usage: 8000 words. Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Beijing.
  107. Liu, Xiang and Eric P. Henry 2021, Garden of Eloquence, Shuoyuan, Classics of Chinese Thought, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  108. Liu, Xie and Youzhong Shi 2015, The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons, New York; Hong Kong: New York Review Books; The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
  109. Lowe, Michael 1986, “Chapter 2: The Former Han Dynasty,” in Dennis Twitchett and Michael Loewe, editors, The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103-222.
  110. Lo Kuan-chong 2002, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Translated by Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor, Tuttle Publishing: Vermont. In three volumes, originally published 1925.
  111. Lu, Miaw-Fen 2017, “The Reception of the Classic of Fillial Piety from Medieval to Late Imperial China,” In Paul R Goldin, A Concise Companion to Confucius, Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 268-285.
  112. Luo Zhufeng 罗竹风 (chief ed.) 1994, Hanyu Da Cidian 汉语大词典, Shanghai: Shanghai Cishu Press, 12 volumes.
  113. Mao Zedong 1966, Quotations from Chairman Mao 毛主席语录, bilingual edition, Foreign Languages Press: Beijing.
  114. Mao Zedong 2020, Illustrated Poems of Mao Zedong, trans. by Xu Yuanchon, Chinese-English Edition, Kindle, China Intercontinental Press.
  115. Mathews, R H 1931, Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary, Revised American Edition, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  116. Mattice, H. A. 1944, English-Chinese-Japanese Lexicon of Bibliographical, Cataloging and Library Terms, United States: New York Public Library.
  117. “Map of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国地图 .” 2002. Chinese-English Edition, Sino Maps Press.
  118. Medhurst, W.H., 1842. Chinese and English dictionary: containing all the words in the Chinese imperial dictionary, arranged according to the radicals. Batavia. Volumes 1 and 2.
  119. Melvyn, Roy 2012, The Four Taoist Classics – Daodejing, Huahujing, Zhuangzi and Liezi, e-book, Lulu Press, Inc.
  120. Mengzi & Legge, J. (tr.) 340-250 BCE. 孟子 also known as "The Works of Mencius". Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/mengzi. Source: "The Works of Mencius", James Legge, Clarendon, 1885.
  121. Mittal, Sushil, and Thursby, Gene. Religions of South Asia: An Introduction. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
  122. Ministry of Education, 2015Guoyu Cidian 國語辭典, viewed 15 March 2017, www.moedict.tw.
  123. Nai'an Shi, Guanzhong Luo, and Sidney Shapiro tr. 1999, Outlaws of the Marsh, Foreign Languages Press: Beijing. In five volumes.
  124. Norman, J., 1988. Chinese, Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York.
  125. Nylan, Michael 2001, The Five “confucian” classics, New Haven: Yale University Press.
  126. Ouyang, Xiu and Richard L Davis 2004, Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, E-Book, New York: Columbia University Press.
  127. Owen, Steven 2017, 'Chapter 1: Key Concepts of “Literature”,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3-12.
  128. Owen, Steven 1992, Readings in Chinese Literary Thought, Leiden: Brill.
  129. Pan Weigui 潘维桂 2000, A Chinese-English Dictionary of Chinese Idioms 汉英汉语成语用法词典, Beijing: Sinolingua.
  130. Pearce, Scott 2015, Zhou shu 周書,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California,
  131. Plaks, A 2015, “Beyond Parallelism: A Rethinking of Patterns of Coordination and Subordination in Chinese Expository Prose,” in Literary Forms of Argument in Early China, Gentz J and Meyer D (Eds), Leiden ; Boston: Brill.
  132. Pollard, David 2002, The Chinese Essay: An Anthology, New York: Columbia University Press.
  133. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1995.
  134. Queen S 1999, “Dong Zhongshu,” In W M Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom eds. Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume One from Earliest Times to 1600, New York: Columbia University Press.
  135. Rezakhani, Khodadad 2022, “The Kushan Empire,” in Michael Gehler, Robert Rollinger (Eds), Empires to be Remembered: Ancient Worlds through Modern Times, Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, pp. 299-331.
  136. Rohsenow, J.S., 2003. ABC Dictionary of Chinese Proverbs (Yanyu). University of Hawaii Press.
  137. Rouzer, Paul F 2007, A New Practical Primer of Literary Chinese, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center: Distributed by Harvard University Press, pp. 3-106
  138. Rouzer, Paul 2017, 'Defenses of Literature / Literary Thought / Poetics,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 347-359.
  139. Sabattini, Elisa Levi 2019, “The War Economy during the Western Han Dynasty,” in Lin, C., Peach, T. and Fang, W. eds., The Political Economy of the Han Dynasty and Its Legacy, Routledge, pp. 115-131.
  140. Schaberg, David 2015, “On the Range and Performance of Laozi-Style Tetrasyllables,” In Joachim Gentz and Dirk Meyer Eds. Literary Forms of Argument in Early China, Leiden ; Boston: BRILL, 87–111.
  141. Schaberg, David 2017, 'Chapter 12: Classics (Jing 經),' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 170-183.
  142. Schuessler, A., 2007. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. University of Hawaii Press.
  143. Schmidt, Muhammad Wolfgang G A 2018, Mister Ma’s Grammar Guide to Literary Chinese: The Original Chinese Text of the Mashi Wentong with Chinese-English Character and Word Glossaries, E-Book, Hamburg: disserta Verlag.
  144. Shandong Sheng Diqu Chubanshe, 2016. Zhongguo Zhengqu Dituce 中国政区地图册 , Shandong Sheng Diqu Chubanshe, Dazi Ban, Jinan.
  145. Shangwu Yinshu Guancishu Yanjiu Zhongxin (Ed.) 2015, Chinese-English Dictionary of Classified Terms, Commercial Press, Beijing.
  146. Shei, Chris 2014 Understanding the Chinese Language: A Comprehensive Linguistic Introduction, Oxon UK: 1st edition; Routledge.
  147. Shi Ming 釋名 , 1959. . Nationalist Publishing 國民出版社, Taipei, http://ctext.org/shi-ming.
  148. Sima Qian and Allen, H.J. (trans.) 109 BCE, Shiji 史記 also known as “Records of the Grand Historian,” Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/shiji. Partial translation adapted from Herbert J. Allen's "Ssŭma Ch'ien's Historical Records" (Royal Asiatic Society, 1894).
  149. Sima Qian and Watson, Burton tr. 1993, Records of the Grand Historian, Revised edition, Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong and New York: Columbia University Press. Two volumes.
  150. Snow, Edgar 1968, Red Star over China, New York: Grove Press.
  151. Standen, Naomi 2007, Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China, E-Book. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 37-40.
  152. Strange, Mark and Jakub Hruby 2015, Nan shi 南史,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California, pp. 209-216.
  153. Sturman, Nathan n.d. (tr.) The Thousand Character Essay (Qian Zi Wen), http://www.camcc.org/_media/reading-group/qianziwen-en.pdf, accessed 2020-05-10.
  154. Sullivan, Lawrence R, and Nancy R Hearst. 1997. Historical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China, 1949-1997. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
  155. Sun, Chaofen 2006. Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction, Kindle ed., Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
  156. Swanson, Paul. Foundations of T'ien-tai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism, Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, United States. 1989.
  157. Swartz, Wendy 2017, 'Chapter 30: Figures,' in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 438-449.
  158. Swartz, Wendy and Robert F Campany 2018, Memory in Medieval China: Text, Ritual, and Community, Brill: Leiden, Boston.
  159. Tao Yuan Ming, Rick Davis, and David Steelman translators 2008, Peach Blossom Shangri-la, Project Gutenburg, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2090.
  160. Tian, Xiaofei 2017, “Chapter 15: Collections (集),” in Denecke, Wiebke, Wai-Yee Li, and Xiaofei Tian (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900CE), e-book, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 219.
  161. Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 1993, “Chan kuo ts'e 戰國策,” In Michael Loewe, (ed.) Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China, pp. 1-11.
  162. Twitchett, Dennis and Michael Loewe, editors 1986, The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 1: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  163. Twitchett, Denis 2009, Writing of Official History under the T’ang, Cambridge, GBR: Cambridge University Press, pp. 191-236.
  164. Unicode Consortium 2015, Unicode Han Database, http://unicode.org/reports/tr38/. Lookup is at http://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html.
  165. VIAF Contributors. 2016. “Virtual International Authority File.” Accessed October 30, 2016. http://viaf.org.
  166. Wang Cuihua, ed. 2013. Wu Nan Guo Yu Cidian 五南國語辭典 . Taipei: Wu Nan Publishing Company.
  167. Wang D and Yang Q 2005, A Chinese-English Glossary of Cultural Relics and Archaeology 汉英文物考古词汇, Beijing: Forbidden City Press.
  168. Wang, L., Jiang, S. (Eds.), 2005. Gu Hanyu Chang Yong Zi Zidian 古汉语常用字字典 , Di 4 ban. ed. Shang wu yin shu guan, Beijing.
  169. Wang Yun 2019, Dreaming of Fallen Blossoms: Tune Poems of Su Dong-po, Buffalo, New York: White Pine Press.
  170. Wangjian Yin 王剑引, Liangjian Min, 2007. Gudai Hanyu Da Cidian 古代汉语大词典 , Ci Hai. edition Shanghai Commercial Press, Shanghai.
  171. Watson, Burton 1964, Han Fei Tzu: Basic Writings, e-book, New York: Columbia University Press.
  172. Watson, Burton, trans. 1974, Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China. Selections from the History of the Former Han, New York: Columbia University Press.
  173. Wei Dongya (ed). 1997, Chinese-English dictionary 汉英词典 , Revised ed., Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press, Beijing.
  174. Wei, Shang. 2010. “The Literati Era and Its Demise (1723–1840),” in The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature: From 1375, edited by Kang-i Sun Chang and Stephen Owen, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 274-283.
  175. Weng Ruiqi (Ed.). 2002. An English-Chinese dictionary of science and technology 英汉科技辞典 . Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
  176. Waley, Arthur 1919, A Hundred and Seventy Chinese Poems, New York: Alfred Knopf, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Hundred_and_Seventy_Chinese_Poems. Translation of selected poems.
  177. Wikipedia, 2016, Wikimedia Foundation. Accessed October 30, 2016. http://www.wikipedia.org/.
  178. Wiktionary, 2015, Accessed January 10, 2015. https://www.wiktionary.org.
  179. Wilkinson, E P 2015, Chinese History: a New Manual, Harvard University Asia Center, Cambridge and London.
  180. Williams, C A S 2012, Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs: A Comprehensive Handbook on Symbolism in Chinese Art Through the Ages, Fourth Revised Edition, United States: Tuttle Publishing.
  181. WorldCat, 2021, OCLC, www.worldcat.org, accessed 2021-02-07.
  182. Wu, Ching-tzu 1992, The Scholars, Translated by Hsien-yi Yang and Gladys Yang, Columbia University Press.
  183. Wu, Huaiqi and Chi Zhen 2018, An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiographyi>, E-Book. Berlin: Springer.
  184. Wu, Kathy and Sai Tee 2015, Thousand-Character Classic, Kindle edition, Singapore: China Publishing House.
  185. Wu, Jingcai. 1985. A Chinese-English Dictionary. Beijing: Commercial Press.
  186. Wu Zhengyi, Peter Raven, and Hong Deyuan, (eds.) 2013. Flora of China. Beijing: Science Press. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2.
  187. Wylie, A 1880, “History of the South-Western Barbarians and Chaou-Seen,” The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 9, pp.53-96, at https://archive.org/stream/journalroyalant00irelgoog#page/n65/mode/2up, accessed 2020-00-04. Translation of volume 95.
  188. Xie, Baocheng 2013, Brief History of the Official System in China, London: Paths International Ltd.
  189. Xinhua Net, 2016, http://www.xinhuanet.com, accessed 2016-01-25.
  190. Xinhua Zidian 新华字典 2010, 11th ed. Beijing: Commercial Press.
  191. Xinhua zidian 新华字典 , 2013. Chinese-English ed., Beijing: Commercial Press.
  192. Xiong, V C 2009, Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, Inc.
  193. Xiong, Victor Cunrui 2015, Sui shu 隋書,” In Early Medieval Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, edited by Albert E Dien, Cynthia Louise Chennault, Keith Nathaniel Knapp, and Alan J Berkowitz, Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies University of California, pp. 330-334.
  194. Xu Shen. “Shuo Wen Jie Zi 說文解字,” 121 CE. Chinese Text Project. http://ctext.org/shuo-wen-jie-zi, Accessed 2015/01/10.
  195. Xu Zongcai, Ying Junling (Eds.) 2011, Suyu Cidian 俗语词典 Commercial Press, Beijing.
  196. Yang Xiong and Michael Nylan 2013, Exemplary Figures: Fayan 法言, Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  197. Yang Ziyou 2012. An English-Chinese Dictionary of Information and Electronic Technology 英汉信息与电子科技词典 , Beijing: China Electric Power Press.
  198. Yao, X 2000. An Introduction to Confucianism, Cambridge University Press.
  199. Ye Shengtao 1999. A Scarecrow 稻草人 , Shaanxi: Hope Publishing House.
  200. Yee, Chiang 1973, Chinese Calligraphy: An Introduction to its Aesthetic and Technique, 3rd ed., Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  201. Yin Haibo 2014, A Collection of Chinese Maxims, e-book, Simon and Schuster.
  202. Yong, H and J Peng 2008. Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  203. Yu, Anthony C. tr. 2012, The Journey to the West University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Four volumes.
  204. Yu, Ye 2011, Chinese Tea 中国茶 , Zhongguo hong: Chinese red series, Hefei: Huang shan shu she.
  205. “zdic.net” 汉典, 2014, Accessed March 2, 2014. http://www.zdic.net.
  206. Zhang Fangjie, Zhu Liangzhen, Deng Leran, 1996. Far East Chinese-English dictionary 遠東漢英大辭典 . The Far East Book Co., Taiwan.
  207. Zhang, Y., Chen, T., 1710. Kangxi Dictionary 康熙字典 , Chinese Text Project, http://ctext.org/kangxi-zidian.
  208. Zhu Xi, 1983. Commentaries on the Four Books 四書章句集注 , Zhonghua Book Company, Beijing, http://ctext.org/si-shu-zhang-ju-ji-zhu.
  209. Zui Xin Shi, Yong Ying Han, 1998. English-Chinese pinyin dictionary. New World Press, Beijing, China.