Records of the Grand Historian 史記
《項羽本紀》 Annals of Xiang Yu
Click on any word to see more details.
《項羽本紀》 Annals of Xiang Yu項籍者，下相人也，字羽。初起時，年二十四。其季父項梁，梁父即楚將項燕，為秦將王翦所戮者也。項氏世世為楚將，封於項，故姓項氏。
項籍少時，學書不成，去學劍，又不成。項梁怒之。籍曰：「書足以記名姓而已。劍一人敵，不足學，學萬人敵。」於是項梁乃教籍兵法，籍大喜，略知其意，又不肯竟學。項梁嘗有櫟陽逮，乃請蘄獄掾曹咎書抵櫟陽獄掾司馬欣，以故事得已。項梁殺人，與籍避仇於吳中。吳中賢士大夫皆出項梁下。每吳中有大繇役及喪，項梁常為主辦，陰以兵法部勒賓客及子弟，以是知其能。秦始皇帝游會稽，渡浙江，梁與籍俱觀。籍曰：「彼可取而代也。」梁掩其口，曰：「毋妄言，族矣！」梁以此奇籍。籍長八尺餘，力能扛鼎，才氣過人，雖吳中子弟皆已憚籍矣。
秦二世元年七月，陳涉等起大澤中。其九月，會稽守通謂梁曰：「江西皆反，此亦天亡秦之時也。吾聞先即制人，後則為人所制。吾欲發兵，使公及桓楚將。」是時桓楚亡在澤中。梁曰：「桓楚亡，人莫知其處，獨籍知之耳。」梁乃出，誡籍持劍居外待。梁復入，與守坐，曰：「請召籍，使受命召桓楚。」守曰：「諾。」梁召籍入。須臾，梁眴籍曰：「可行矣！」於是籍遂拔劍斬守頭。項梁持守頭，佩其印綬。門下大驚，擾亂，籍所擊殺數十百人。一府中皆慴伏，莫敢起。梁乃召故所知豪吏，諭以所為起大事，遂舉吳中兵。使人收下縣，得精兵八千人。梁部署吳中豪傑為校尉、候、司馬。有一人不得用，自言於梁。梁曰：「前時某喪使公主某事，不能辦，以此不任用公。」眾乃皆伏。於是梁為會稽守，籍為裨將，徇下縣。
廣陵人召平於是為陳王徇廣陵，未能下。聞陳王敗走，秦兵又且至，乃渡江矯陳王命，拜梁為楚王上柱國。曰：「江東已定，急引兵西擊秦。」項梁乃以八千人渡江而西。聞陳嬰已下東陽，使使欲與連和俱西。陳嬰者，故東陽令史，居縣中，素信謹，稱為長者。東陽少年殺其令，相聚數千人，欲置長，無適用，乃請陳嬰。嬰謝不能，遂彊立嬰為長，縣中從者得二萬人。少年欲立嬰便為王，異軍蒼頭特起。陳嬰母謂嬰曰：「自我為汝家婦，未嘗聞汝先古之有貴者。今暴得大名，不祥。不如有所屬，事成猶得封侯，事敗易以亡，非世所指名也。」嬰乃不敢為王。謂其軍吏曰：「項氏世世將家，有名於楚。今欲舉大事，將非其人，不可。我倚名族，亡秦必矣。」於是眾從其言，以兵屬項梁。項梁渡淮，黥布、蒲將軍亦以兵屬焉。凡六七萬人，軍下邳。
當是時，秦嘉已立景駒為楚王，軍彭城東，欲距項梁。項梁謂軍吏曰：「陳王先首事，戰不利，未聞所在。今秦嘉倍陳王而立景駒，逆無道。」乃進兵擊秦嘉。秦嘉軍敗走，追之至胡陵。嘉還戰一日，嘉死，軍降。景駒走死梁地。項梁已并秦嘉軍，軍胡陵，將引軍而西。章邯軍至栗，項梁使別將朱雞石、餘樊君與戰。餘樊君死。朱雞石軍敗，亡走胡陵。項梁乃引兵入薛，誅雞石。項梁前使項羽別攻襄城，襄城堅守不下。已拔，皆阬之。還報項梁。項梁聞陳王定死，召諸別將會薛計事。此時沛公亦起沛，往焉。
居鄛人范增，年七十，素居家，好奇計，往說項梁曰：「陳勝敗碧當。夫秦滅六國，楚最無罪。自懷王入秦不反，楚人憐之至今，故楚南公曰『楚雖三戶，亡秦必楚』也。今陳勝首事，不立楚後而自立，其勢不長。今君起江東，楚蜂午之將皆爭附君者，以君世世楚將，為能復立楚之後也。」於是項梁然其言，乃求楚懷王孫心民閒，為人牧羊，立以為楚懷王，從民所望也。陳嬰為楚上柱國，封五縣，與懷王都盱臺。項梁自號為武信君。
居數月，引兵攻亢父，與齊田榮、司馬龍且軍救東阿，大破秦軍於東阿。田榮即引兵歸，逐其王假。假亡走楚。假相田角亡走趙。角弟田閒故齊將，居趙不敢歸。田榮立田儋子市為齊王。項梁已破東阿下軍，遂追秦軍。數使使趣齊兵，欲與俱西。田榮曰：「楚殺田假，趙殺田角、田閒，乃發兵。」項梁曰：「田假為與國之王，窮來從我，不忍殺之。」趙亦不殺田角、田閒以市於齊。齊遂不肯發兵助楚。項梁使沛公及項羽別攻城陽，屠之。西破秦軍濮陽東，秦兵收入濮陽。沛公、項羽乃攻定陶。定陶未下，去，西略地至雝丘，大破秦軍，斬李由。還攻外黃，外黃未下。
項梁起東阿，西，（北）［比］至定陶，再破秦軍，項羽等又斬李由，益輕秦，有驕色。宋義乃諫項梁曰：「戰勝而將驕卒惰者敗。今卒少惰矣，秦兵日益，臣為君畏之。」項梁弗聽。乃使宋義使於齊。道遇齊使者高陵君顯，曰：「公將見武信君乎？」曰：「然。」曰：「臣論武信君軍必敗。公徐行即免死，疾行則及禍。」秦果悉起兵益章邯，擊楚軍，大破之定陶，項梁死。沛公、項羽去外黃攻陳留，陳留堅守不能下。沛公、項羽相與謀曰：「今項梁軍破，士卒恐。」乃與呂臣軍俱引兵而東。呂臣軍彭城東，項羽軍彭城西，沛公軍碭。
章邯已破項梁軍，則以為楚地兵不足憂，乃渡河擊趙，大破之。當此時，趙歇為王，陳餘為將，張耳為相，皆走入鉅鹿城。章邯令王離、涉閒圍鉅鹿，章邯軍其南，筑甬道而輸之粟。陳餘為將，將卒數萬人而軍鉅鹿之北，此所謂河北之軍也。
楚兵已破於定陶，懷王恐，從盱臺之彭城，并項羽、呂臣軍自將之。以呂臣為司徒，以其父呂青為令尹。以沛公為碭郡長，封為武安侯，將碭郡兵。
初，宋義所遇齊使者高陵君顯在楚軍，見楚王曰：「宋義論武信君之軍必敗，居數日，軍果敗。兵未戰而先見敗徵，此可謂知兵矣。」王召宋義與計事而大說之，因置以為上將軍，項羽為魯公，為次將，范增為末將，救趙。諸別將皆屬宋義，號為卿子冠軍。行至安陽，留四十六日不進。項羽曰：「吾聞秦軍圍趙王鉅鹿，疾引兵渡河，楚擊其外，趙應其內，破秦軍必矣。」宋義曰：「不然。夫搏牛之虻不可以破蟣虱。今秦攻趙，戰勝則兵罷，我承其敝；不勝，則我引兵鼓行而西，必舉秦矣。故不如先鬬秦趙。夫被堅執銳，義不如公；坐而運策，公不如義。」因下令軍中曰：「猛如虎，很如羊，貪如狼，彊不可使者，皆斬之。」乃遣其子宋襄相齊，身送之至無鹽，飲酒高會。天寒大雨，士卒凍饑。項羽曰：「將戮力而攻秦，久留不行。今歲饑民貧，士卒食芋菽，軍無見糧，乃飲酒高會，不引兵渡河因趙食，與趙并力攻秦，乃曰『承其敝』。夫以秦之彊，攻新造之趙，其勢必舉趙。趙舉而秦彊，何敝之承！且國兵新破，王坐不安席，埽境內而專屬於將軍，國家安危，在此一舉。今不恤士卒而徇其私，非社稷之臣。」項羽晨朝上將軍宋義，即其帳中斬宋義頭，出令軍中曰：「宋義與齊謀反楚，楚王陰令羽誅之。」當是時，諸將皆慴服，莫敢枝梧。皆曰：「首立楚者，將軍家也。今將軍誅亂。」乃相與共立羽為假上將軍。使人追宋義子，及之齊，殺之。使桓楚報命於懷王。懷王因使項羽為上將軍，當陽君、蒲將軍皆屬項羽。
項羽已殺卿子冠軍，威震楚國，名聞諸侯。乃遣當陽君、蒲將軍將卒二萬渡河，救鉅鹿。戰少利，陳餘復請兵。項羽乃悉引兵渡河，皆沈船，破釜甑，燒廬舍，持三日糧，以示士卒必死，無一還心。於是至則圍王離，與秦軍遇，九戰，絕其甬道，大破之，殺蘇角，虜王離。涉閒不降楚，自燒殺。當是時，楚兵冠諸侯。諸侯軍救鉅鹿下者十餘壁，莫敢縱兵。及楚擊秦，諸將皆從壁上觀。楚戰士無不一以當十，楚兵呼聲動天，諸侯軍無不人人惴恐。於是已破秦軍，項羽召見諸侯將，入轅門，無不膝行而前，莫敢仰視。項羽由是始為諸侯上將軍，諸侯皆屬焉。
章邯軍棘原，項羽軍漳南，相持未戰。秦軍數卻，二世使人讓章邯。章邯恐，使長史欣請事。至咸陽，留司馬門三日，趙高不見，有不信之心。長史欣恐，還走其軍，不敢出故道，趙高果使人追之，不及。欣至軍，報曰：「趙高用事於中，下無可為者。今戰能勝，高必疾妒吾功；戰不能勝，不免於死。願將軍孰計之。」陳餘亦遺章邯書曰：「白起為秦將，南征鄢郢，北阬馬服，攻城略地，不可勝計，而竟賜死。蒙恬為秦將，北逐戎人，開榆中地數千里，竟斬陽周。何者？功多，秦不能盡封，因以法誅之。今將軍為秦將三歲矣，所亡失以十萬數，而諸侯并起滋益多。彼趙高素諛日久，今事急，亦恐二世誅之，故欲以法誅將軍以塞責，使人更代將軍以脫其禍。夫將軍居外久，多內卻，有功亦誅，無功亦誅。且天之亡秦，無愚智皆知之。今將軍內不能直諫，外為亡國將，孤特獨立而欲常存，豈不哀哉！將軍何不還兵與諸侯為從，約共攻秦，分王其地，南面稱孤；此孰與身伏鈇質，妻子為僇乎？」章邯狐疑，陰使候始成使項羽，欲約。約未成，項羽使蒲將軍日夜引兵度三戶，軍漳南，與秦戰，再破之。項羽悉引兵擊秦軍汙水上，大破之。
章邯使人見項羽，欲約。項羽召軍吏謀曰：「糧少，欲聽其約。」軍吏皆曰：「善。」項羽乃與期洹水南殷虛上。已盟，章邯見項羽而流涕，為言趙高。項羽乃立章邯為雍王，置楚軍中。使長史欣為上將軍，將秦軍為前行。
到新安。諸侯吏卒異時故繇使屯戍過秦中，秦中吏卒遇之多無狀，及秦軍降諸侯，諸侯吏卒乘勝多奴虜使之，輕折辱秦吏卒。秦吏卒多竊言曰：「章將軍等詐吾屬降諸侯，今能入關破秦，大善；即不能，諸侯虜吾屬而東，秦必盡誅吾父母妻子。」諸侯微聞其計，以告項羽。項羽乃召黥布、蒲將軍計曰：「秦吏卒尚眾，其心不服，至關中不聽，事必危，不如擊殺之，而獨與章邯、長史欣、都尉翳入秦。」於是楚軍夜擊阬秦卒二十餘萬人新安城南。
行略定秦地。函谷關有兵守關，不得入。又聞沛公已破咸陽，項羽大怒，使當陽君等擊關。項羽遂入，至于戲西。沛公軍霸上，未得與項羽相見。沛公左司馬曹無傷使人言於項羽曰：「沛公欲王關中，使子嬰為相，珍寶盡有之。」項羽大怒，曰：「旦日饗士卒，為擊破沛公軍！」當是時，項羽兵四十萬，在新豐鴻門，沛公兵十萬，在霸上。范增說項羽曰：「沛公居山東時，貪於財貨，好美姬。今入關，財物無所取，婦女無所幸，此其志不在小。吾令人望其氣，皆為龍虎，成五采，此天子氣也。急擊勿失。」
Annals of Xiang Yu:
[Xiang Yu's troops] came to Hangu Pass in former Qin territory. The pass was guarded by (Liu Bang's) soldiers so [Xiang Yu] could not get through. Apart from this, it was said that Pei Gong (namely Liu Bang) had already occupied Xian Yang city. Xiang Yu hence got fiercely angry, so he ordered Lord Dang Yang to attack the pass. Then he got through the pass and marched to Xixi. Pei Gong's troops were stationed in Bashang; he did not have the chance to meet Xiang Yu. A military officer of Pei Gong, Cao Wushang, secretly sent a messenger to Xiang Yu, saying: "Pei Gong intends to be king of Guanzhong, with Zi Ying as prime minister, and possess all the treasures of Qin." Xiang Yu broke out in a rage, and said: "Prepare my soldiers tomorrow morning. I will destroy Pei Gong's army!" At that time, Xiang Yu had 400,000 men stationed in Hongmen, Pei Gong had 100,000 men in Bashang. Fan Zeng said to Xiang Yu: "When Pei Gong was in Shandong, he was very greedy for treasures and beauties. But today in Guanzhong, treasures are untouched, women are intact. This reveals his tremendous ambition. I had his Qi observed, and it is like dragon and tiger, in five colors - this is the Qi of the Son of Heaven. Strike him at once and do not miss!"
楚左尹項伯者，項羽季父也，素善留侯張良。張良是時從沛公，項伯乃夜馳之沛公軍，私見張良，具告以事，欲呼張良與俱去。曰：「毋從俱死也。」張良曰：「臣為韓王送沛公，沛公今事有急，亡去不義，不可不語。」良乃入，具告沛公。沛公大驚，曰：「為之柰何？」張良曰：「誰為大王為此計者？」曰：「鯫生說我曰『距關，毋內諸侯，秦地可盡王也』。故聽之。」良曰：「料大王士卒足以當項王乎？」沛公默然，曰：「固不如也，且為之柰何？」張良曰：「請往謂項伯，言沛公不敢背項王也。」沛公曰：「君安與項伯有故？」張良曰：「秦時與臣游，項伯殺人，臣活之。今事有急，故幸來告良。」沛公曰「孰與君少長？」良曰：「長於臣。」沛公曰「君為我呼入，吾得兄事之。」張良出，要項伯。項伯即入見沛公。沛公奉卮酒為壽，約為婚姻，曰：「吾入關，秋豪不敢有所近，籍吏民，封府庫，而待將軍。所以遣將守關者，備他盜之出入與非常也。日夜望將軍至，豈敢反乎！願伯具言臣之不敢倍德也。」項伯許諾。謂沛公曰：「旦日不可不蚤自來謝項王。」沛公曰：「諾。」於是項伯復夜去，至軍中，具以沛公言報項王。因言曰：「沛公不先破關中，公豈敢入乎？今人有大功而擊之，不義也，不如因善遇之。」項王許諾。
Annals of Xiang Yu:
Chu's Chief Minister of the Left Xiang Bo, Xiang Yu's uncle, was a friend of Zhang Liang, Marquis of Liu. Zhang Liang worked for Pei Gong at the time. Xiang Bo hence rode to Pei Gong's camp under the cover of the night, met Zhang Liang privately, told him about the assault and asked him to escape, saying: "You will die if you stay." Liang said: "I was appointed as Pei Gong's servant by the king of Han. Now that Pei Gong is in danger, it is not justifiable for me to escape. I have to warn him."
So Liang came to Pei Gong and told him everything. Pei Gong was surprised and scared, he said: "What should I do?" Liang asked: "Who gave you the idea?" Pei Gong said: "Someone told me to guard the pass and keep off other lords in order to be king of the Qin territory. I took that advice." Liang asked: "Can your troops rival King Xiang?" Pei Gong remained silent for a while, and then said: "Of course we cannot, what should I do?" Liang said: "Please go and tell Xiang Bo that you dare not betray King Xiang." Pei Gong asked: "How do you know Xiang Bo?" Liang answered: "We were old friends in the Qin times, he was guilty to murder and I saved his life. So today he came to save mine in emergency." Pei Gong asked: "Who of you is elder?" Liang said: "He is elder than me." Pei Gong said: "Call him in for me. I will treat him as elder brother."
Zhang Liang went out and invited Xiang Bo. So Xiang Bo came in to see Pei Gong. Pei Gong honored him with a toast and promised him a marriage, saying: "After I came to Guanzhong, I dare not touch anything. I recorded officers and citizens [of the city], sealed the treasury, waiting for the general (Xiang Yu). I guarded the pass only to restrain bandits and for security. I have been expecting the general day and night, how could I betray him? Please tell the general that I dare not do such unvirtuous things!" Xiang Bo promised, he said to Pei Gong: "Tomorrow you have to apologize to King Xiang early." Pei Gong said: "Yes." So Xiang Bo rode back to the camp (of King Xiang) in the night, and told King Xiang what Pei Gong had said. Xiang Bo said: "If it were not for Pei Gong, how could you so easily come to Guanzhong? It is not a noble thing to kill a man of merit. We had better treat him well." King Xiang agreed.
沛公旦日從百餘騎來見項王，至鴻門，謝曰：「臣與將軍戮力而攻秦，將軍戰河北，臣戰河南，然不自意能先入關破秦，得復見將軍於此。今者有小人之言，令將軍與臣有郤。」項王曰：「此沛公左司馬曹無傷言之；不然，籍何以至此。」項王即日因留沛公與飲。項王、項伯東向坐。亞父南向坐。亞父者，范增也。沛公北向坐，張良西向侍。范增數目項王，舉所佩玉珪以示之者三，項王默然不應。范增起，出召項莊，謂曰：「君王為人不忍，若入前為壽，壽畢，請以劍舞，因擊沛公於坐，殺之。不者，若屬皆且為所虜。」莊則入為壽，壽畢，曰：「君王與沛公飲，軍中無以為樂，請以劍舞。」項王曰：「諾。」項莊拔劍起舞，項伯亦拔劍起舞，常以身翼蔽沛公，莊不得擊。於是張良至軍門，見樊噲。樊噲曰：「今日之事何如？」良曰：「甚急。今者項莊拔劍舞，其意常在沛公也。」噲曰：「此迫矣，臣請入，與之同命。」噲即帶劍擁盾入軍門。交戟之衛士欲止不內，樊噲側其盾以撞，衛士仆地，噲遂入，披帷西向立，瞋目視項王，頭髪上指，目眥盡裂。項王按劍而跽曰：「客何為者？」張良曰：「沛公之參乘樊噲者也。」項王曰：「壯士，賜之卮酒。」則與斗卮酒。噲拜謝，起，立而飲之。項王曰：「賜之彘肩。」則與一生彘肩。樊噲覆其盾於地，加彘肩上，拔劍切而啗之。項王曰：「壯士，能復飲乎？」樊噲曰：「臣死且不避，卮酒安足辭！夫秦王有虎狼之心，殺人如不能舉，刑人如恐不勝，天下皆叛之。懷王與諸將約曰『先破秦入咸陽者王之』。今沛公先破秦入咸陽，豪毛不敢有所近，封閉宮室，還軍霸上，以待大王來。故遣將守關者，備他盜出入與非常也。勞苦而功高如此，未有封侯之賞，而聽細說，欲誅有功之人。此亡秦之續耳，竊為大王不取也。」項王未有以應，曰：「坐。」樊噲從良坐。坐須臾，沛公起如廁，因招樊噲出。
Annals of Xiang Yu:
The second day, accompanied by one hundred cavalrymen, Pei Gong came to meet King Xiang in Hongmen. Pei Gong apologized: "The general and I fought side by side against Qin. The general fought on the northern side of the (Yellow) river, and I fought on the south. I did not expect that I could be the first to break into Guanzhong and defeat Qin, and finally meet the general here. There must be a petty man trying to casts a bone between the general and me." King Xiang said: "This is all because of your officer Cao Wushang, otherwise I would not have done this."
King Xiang invited Pei Gong to a feast on that day. King Xiang and Xiang Bo sat facing the east. Yafu sat facing the south. Yafu was namely Fan Zeng. Pei Gong sat facing the north. Zhang Liang sat beside (Pei Gong) facing the west. Fan Zeng glanced several times at King Xiang, holding the jade on his girdle to hint (that it was time to take action). King Xiang remained silence and did not react. Fan Zeng stood up, came out and found Xiang Zhuang, said to him: "The Lord has not the heart (to kill). You should go in and toast, then ask to dance with a sword, and kill Pei Gong on his seat. Otherwise we all will be his prisoner one day."
So Zhuang went in and toasted, then he said: "The Lord drinks with Pei Gong, but there is no entertainment in the army, please allow me to dance with my sword." King Xiang said: "Approved." Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and danced. Xiang Bo also drew his sword and danced along, protecting Pei Gong obscurely with his body. Zhuang had no chance.
At this moment, Zhang Liang went out to the gate and found Fan Kuai. Fan Kuai asked: "How is the situation?" Liang said: "Very dangerous! Xiang Zhuang is dancing with sword, intending to kill Pei Gong!" Kuai said: "This is urgent! Let me in, I will save him with my life." Kuai broke through the gate with shield and sword. The guards tried to stop him. He crashed the guards to the ground with his shield. Then he rushed in (to the hall), stood facing the west with the mantle on his shoulders, his eyes opening so wide that the brow ridge was about to break up. King Xiang touched his sword and asked: "Who is this?" Zhang Liang said: "This is Pei Gong's stableman, Fan Kuai." King Xiang said: "A hero! Bestow wine on him!" Kuai was hence given wine. He (gave thanks) on his knees, then stood up and drank it all. King Xiang said: "Bestow pork on him!" He was then given raw pork. Kuai laid his shield on the ground, put the pork on it, cut the pork with his sword and ate. King Xiang asked: "Hero! Can you drink again?" Fan Kuai answered: "Even death will not scare me, how would wine! The emperor of Qin was as cruel as tiger and wolf, killing and torturing the people without an end. So the people revolted against him. King Huai (of Chu) made the agreement with all lords that the first who broke into Guanzhong should be king. Since Pei Gong defeated Qin and took over the city of Xian Yang, he kept nothing for himself. He sealed the palace, and waited for the King's arrival. He ordered his men to guard the pass only to prevent bandits and emergencies. You did not award such a man of merit, but instead trusted lies and tricks, intending to kill him. This is the same behavior as the dead Qin. I suggest your highness not do this." The King did not answer him, instead he only said: "Sit." Fan Kuai then took the seat beside Liang. After a while, Pei Gong got up and went out to the washroom, and asked Kuai to come with him.
沛公已出，項王使都尉陳平召沛公。沛公曰：「今者出，未辭也，為之柰何？」樊噲曰：「大行不顧細謹，大禮不辭小讓。如今人方為刀俎，我為魚肉，何辭為。」於是遂去。乃令張良留謝。良問曰：「大王來何操？」曰：「我持白璧一雙，欲獻項王，玉斗一雙，欲與亞父，會其怒，不敢獻。公為我獻之」張良曰：「謹諾。」當是時，項王軍在鴻門下，沛公軍在霸上，相去四十里。沛公則置車騎，脫身獨騎，與樊噲、夏侯嬰、靳彊、紀信等四人持劍盾步走，從酈山下，道芷陽閒行。沛公謂張良曰：「從此道至吾軍，不過二十里耳。度我至軍中，公乃入。」沛公已去，閒至軍中，張良入謝，曰：「沛公不勝桮杓，不能辭。謹使臣良奉白璧一雙，再拜獻大王足下；玉斗一雙，再拜奉大將軍足下。」項王曰：「沛公安在？」良曰：「聞大王有意督過之，脫身獨去，已至軍矣。」項王則受璧，置之坐上。亞父受玉斗，置之地，拔劍撞而破之，曰：「唉！豎子不足與謀。奪項王天下者，必沛公也，吾屬今為之虜矣。」沛公至軍，立誅殺曹無傷。
Annals of Xiang Yu:
As Pei Gong has come out, King Xiang ordered Lieutenant Chen Ping to call him back in. Pei Gong said (to Fan Kuai): "I came out without saying goodbye, what should I do now?" Fan Kuai said: "The most powerful never mind small matters; the most polite never care about small etiquette. Now they are knife and chopping block, we are fish in between, why need we say goodbye?" So [Pei Gong decided to] leave. He ordered Zhang Liang to stay and apologize for him. Liang asked: "Have you brought anything here?" [Pei Gong] said: "I have a pair of white jade for the Lord, and a pair of jade pecks for Yafu. They were angry so I dare not give them. Please deliver the gifts for me." Liang said: "Yes."
At that time, the camp of King Xiang was in Hongmen, and the camp of Pei Gong was in Bashang, 40 li from each other. Pei Gong discarded his chariot and rode alone, followed by Fan Kuai, Xiahou Ying, Qi Jiang and Ji Xin with swords and shields in their hands. They took a shortcut at the foot of the Mountain Li through Zhiyang. Pei Gong told Liang [before they left]: "It is only 20 li to our camp through this path. You go back in when you estimate that we have arrived." Pei Gong reached his camp after a while. Zhang Liang went back in (to the hall) and apologized: "Pei Gong has drunk too much, he cannot say his farewells. He ordered me to give this pair of white jade to the Lord, and this pair of jade pecks to the high general." King Xiang asked: "Where is Pei Gong?" Liang said: "He heard that the Lord intended to blame him for his fault, so he left and should have arrived in his camp." King Xiang accepted the jade and put it on the table. Yafu took the jade pecks, put them on the ground and broke them with his sword, saying (to Xiang Yu): "Ah! You idiot, I cannot help you! It shall be Pei Gong who will defeat you. We all will be imprisoned by him!" Upon arriving in his camp, Pei Gong executed Cao Wushang.
居數日，項羽引兵西屠咸陽，殺秦降王子嬰，燒秦宮室，火三月不滅；收其貨寶婦女而東。人或說項王曰：「關中阻山河四塞，地肥饒，可都以霸。」項王見秦宮皆以燒殘破，又心懷思欲東歸，曰：「富貴不歸故鄉，如衣繡夜行，誰知之者！」說者曰：「人言楚人沐猴而冠耳，果然。」項王聞之，烹說者。
項王使人致命懷王。懷王曰：「如約。」乃尊懷王為義帝。項王欲自王，先王諸將相。謂曰：「天下初發難時，假立諸侯後以伐秦。然身被堅執銳首事，暴露於野三年，滅秦定天下者，皆將相諸君與籍之力也。義帝雖無功，故當分其地而王之。」諸將皆曰：「善。」乃分天下，立諸將為侯王。項王、范增疑沛公之有天下，業已講解，又惡負約，恐諸侯叛之，乃陰謀曰：「巴、蜀道險，秦之遷人皆居蜀。」乃曰：「巴、蜀亦關中地也。」故立沛公為漢王，王巴、蜀、漢中，都南鄭。而三分關中，王秦降將以距塞漢王。項王乃立章邯為雍王，王咸陽以西，都廢丘。長史欣者，故為櫟陽獄掾，嘗有德於項梁；都尉董翳者，本勸章邯降楚。故立司馬欣為塞王，王咸陽以東至河，都櫟陽；立董翳為翟王，王上郡，都高奴。徙魏王豹為西魏王，王河東，都平陽。瑕丘申陽者，張耳嬖臣也，先下河南（郡），迎楚河上，故立申陽為河南王，都雒陽。韓王成因故都，都陽翟。趙將司馬卬定河內，數有功，故立卬為殷王，王河內，都朝歌。徙趙王歇為代王。趙相張耳素賢，又從入關，故立耳為常山王，王趙地，都襄國。當陽君黥布為楚將，常冠軍，故立布為九江王，都六。鄱君吳芮率百越佐諸侯，又從入關，故立芮為衡山王，都邾。義帝柱國共敖將兵擊南郡，功多，因立敖為臨江王，都江陵。徙燕王韓廣為遼東王。燕將臧荼從楚救趙，因從入關，故立荼為燕王，都薊。徙齊王田市為膠東王。齊將田都從共救趙，因從入關，故立都為齊王，都臨菑。故秦所滅齊王建孫田安，項羽方渡河救趙，田安下濟北數城，引其兵降項羽，故立安為濟北王，都博陽。田榮者，數負項梁，又不肯將兵從楚擊秦，以故不封。成安君陳餘棄將印去，不從入關，然素聞其賢，有功於趙，聞其在南皮，故因環封三縣。番君將梅鋗功多，故封十萬戶侯。項王自立為西楚霸王，王九郡，都彭城。
漢之元年四月，諸侯罷戲下，各就國。項王出之國，使人徙義帝，曰：「古之帝者地方千里，必居上游。」乃使使徙義帝長沙郴縣。趣義帝行，其群臣稍稍背叛之，乃陰令衡山、臨江王擊殺之江中。韓王成無軍功，項王不使之國，與俱至彭城，廢以為侯，已又殺之。臧荼之國，因逐韓廣之遼東，廣弗聽，荼擊殺廣無終，
田榮聞項羽徙齊王市膠東，而立齊將田都為齊王，乃大怒，不肯遣齊王之膠東，因以齊反，迎擊田都。田都走楚。齊王市畏項王，乃亡之膠東就國。田榮怒，追擊殺之即墨。榮因自立為齊王，而西殺擊濟北王田安，并王三齊。榮與彭越將軍印，令反梁地。陳餘陰使張同、夏說說齊王田榮曰：「項羽為天下宰，不平。今盡王故王於醜地，而王其群臣諸將善地，逐其故主趙王，乃北居代，餘以為不可。聞大王起兵，且不聽不義，願大王資餘兵，請以擊常山，以復趙王，請以國為捍蔽。」齊王許之，因遣兵之趙。陳餘悉發三縣兵，與齊并力擊常山，大破之。張耳走歸漢。陳餘迎故趙王歇於代，反之趙。趙王因立陳餘為代王。
是時，漢還定三秦。項羽聞漢王皆已并關中，且東，齊、趙叛之：大怒。乃以故吳令鄭昌為韓王，以距漢。令蕭公角等擊彭越。彭越敗蕭公角等。漢使張良徇韓，乃遺項王書曰：「漢王失職，欲得關中，如約即止，不敢東。」又以齊、梁反書遺項王曰：「齊欲與趙并滅楚。」楚以此故無西意，而北擊齊。徵兵九江王布。布稱疾不往，使將將數千人行。項王由此怨布也。漢之二年冬，項羽遂北至城陽，田榮亦將兵會戰。田榮不勝，走至平原，平原民殺之。遂北燒夷齊城郭室屋，皆阬田榮降卒，系虜其老弱婦女。徇齊至北海，多所殘滅。齊人相聚而叛之。於是田榮弟田橫收齊亡卒得數萬人，反城陽。項王因留，連戰未能下。
春，漢王部五諸侯兵，凡五十六萬人，東伐楚。項王聞之，即令諸將擊齊，而自以精兵三萬人南從魯出胡陵。四月，漢皆已入彭城，收其貨寶美人，日置酒高會。項王乃西從蕭，晨擊漢軍而東，至彭城，日中，大破漢軍。漢軍皆走，相隨入穀、泗水，殺漢卒十餘萬人。漢卒皆南走山，楚又追擊至靈壁東睢水上。漢軍卻，為楚所擠，多殺，漢卒十餘萬人皆入睢水，睢水為之不流。圍漢王三匝。於是大風從西北而起，折木發屋，揚沙石，窈冥晝晦，逢迎楚軍。楚軍大亂，壞散，而漢王乃得與數十騎遁去，欲過沛，收家室而西；楚亦使人追之沛，取漢王家：家皆亡，不與漢王相見。漢王道逢得孝惠、魯元，乃載行。楚騎追漢王，漢王急，推墮孝惠、魯元車下，滕公常下收載之。如是者三。曰：「雖急不可以驅，柰何棄之？」於是遂得脫。求太公、呂后不相遇。審食其從太公、呂后閒行，求漢王，反遇楚軍。楚軍遂與歸，報項王，項王常置軍中。
是時呂后兄周呂侯為漢將兵居下邑，漢王閒往從之，稍稍收其士卒。至滎陽，諸敗軍皆會，蕭何亦發關中老弱未傅悉詣滎陽，復大振。楚起於彭城，常乘勝逐北，與漢戰滎陽南京、索閒，漢敗楚，楚以故不能過滎陽而西。
項王之救彭城，追漢王至滎陽，田橫亦得收齊，立田榮子廣為齊王。漢王之敗彭城，諸侯皆復與楚而背漢。漢軍滎陽，筑甬道屬之河，以取敖倉粟。漢之三年，項王數侵奪漢甬道，漢王食乏，恐，請和，割滎陽以西為漢。
項王欲聽之。歷陽侯范增曰：「漢易與耳，今釋弗取，後必悔之。」項王乃與范增急圍滎陽。漢王患之，乃用陳平計閒項王。項王使者來，為太牢具，舉欲進之。見使者，詳驚愕曰：「吾以為亞父使者，乃反項王使者。」更持去，以惡食食項王使者。使者歸報項王，項王乃疑范增與漢有私，稍奪之權。范增大怒，曰：「天下事大定矣，君王自為之。願賜骸骨歸卒伍。」項王許之。行未至彭城，疽發背而死。
漢將紀信說漢王曰：「事已急矣，請為王誑楚為王，王可以閒出。」於是漢王夜出女子滎陽東門被甲二千人，楚兵四面擊之。紀信乘黃屋車，傅左纛，曰：「城中食盡，漢王降。」楚軍皆呼萬歲。漢王亦與數十騎從城西門出，走成皋。項王見紀信，問：「漢王安在？」曰：「漢王已出矣。」項王燒殺紀信。
漢王使御史大夫周苛、樅公、魏豹守滎陽。周苛、樅公謀曰：「反國之王，難與守城。」乃共殺魏豹。楚下滎陽城，生得周苛。項王謂周苛曰：「為我將，我以公為上將軍，封三萬戶。」周苛罵曰：「若不趣降漢，漢今虜若，若非漢敵也。」項王怒，烹周苛，井殺樅公。
漢王之出滎陽，南走宛、葉，得九江王布，行收兵，復入保成皋。漢之四年，項王進兵圍成皋。漢王逃，獨與滕公出成皋北門，渡河走修武，從張耳、韓信軍。諸將稍稍得出成皋，從漢王。楚遂拔成皋，欲西。漢使兵距之鞏，令其不得西。
是時，彭越渡河擊楚東阿，殺楚將軍薛公。項王乃自東擊彭越。漢王得淮陰侯兵，欲渡河南。鄭忠說漢王，乃止壁河內。使劉賈將兵佐彭越，燒楚積聚。項王東擊破之，走彭越。漢王則引兵渡河，復取成皋，軍廣武，就敖倉食。項王已定東海來，西，與漢俱臨廣武而軍，相守數月。
當此時，彭越數反梁地，絕楚糧食，項王患之。為高俎，置太公其上，告漢王曰：「今不急下，吾烹太公。」漢王曰：「吾與項羽俱北面受命懷王，曰『約為兄弟』，吾翁即若翁，必欲烹而翁，則幸分我一桮羹。」項王怒，欲殺之。項伯曰：「天下事未可知，且為天下者不顧家，雖殺之無益，只益禍耳。」項王從之。
楚漢久相持未決，丁壯苦軍旅，老弱罷轉漕。項王謂漢王曰：「天下匈匈數歲者，徒以吾兩人耳，願與漢王挑戰決雌雄，毋徒苦天下之民父子為也。」漢王笑謝曰：「吾寧鬬智，不能鬬力。」項王令壯士出挑戰。漢有善騎射者樓煩，楚挑戰三合，樓煩輒射殺之。項王大怒，乃自被甲持戟挑戰。樓煩欲射之，項王瞋目叱之，樓煩目不敢視，手不敢發，遂走還入壁，不敢復出。漢王使人閒問之，乃項王也。漢王大驚。於是項王乃即漢王相與臨廣武閒而語。漢王數之，項王怒，欲一戰。漢王不聽，項王伏弩射中漢王。漢王傷，走入成皋。
項王聞淮陰侯已舉河北，破齊、趙，且欲擊楚，乃使龍且往擊之。淮陰侯與戰，騎將灌嬰擊之，大破楚軍，殺龍且。韓信因自立為齊王。項王聞龍且軍破，則恐，使盱臺人武涉往說淮陰侯。淮陰侯弗聽。是時，彭越復反，下梁地，絕楚糧。項王乃謂海春侯大司馬曹咎等曰：「謹守成皋，則漢欲挑戰，慎勿與戰，毋令得東而已。我十五日必誅彭越，定梁地，復從將軍。」乃東，行擊陳留、外黃。
外黃不下。數日，已降，項王怒，悉令男子年十五已上詣城東，欲阬之。外黃令舍人兒年十三，往說項王曰：「彭越彊劫外黃，外黃恐，故且降，待大王。大王至，又皆阬之，百姓豈有歸心？從此以東，梁地十餘城皆恐，莫肯下矣。」項王然其言，乃赦外黃當阬者。東至睢陽，聞之皆爭下項王。
漢果數挑楚軍戰，楚軍不出。使人辱之，五六日，大司馬怒，渡兵汜水。士卒半渡，漢擊之，大破楚軍，盡得楚國貨賂。大司馬咎、長史翳、塞王欣皆自剄汜水上。大司馬咎者，故蘄獄掾，長史欣亦故櫟陽獄吏，兩人嘗有德於項梁，是以項王信任之。當是時，項王在睢陽，聞海春侯軍敗，則引兵還。漢軍方圍鐘離眛於滎陽東，項王至，漢軍畏楚，盡走險阻。
是時，漢兵盛食多，項王兵罷食絕。漢遣陸賈說項王，請太公，項王弗聽。漢王復使侯公往說項王，項王乃與漢約，中分天下，割鴻溝以西者為漢，鴻溝而東者為楚。項王許之，即歸漢王父母妻子。軍皆呼萬歲。漢王乃封侯公為平國君。匿弗肯復見。曰：「此天下辯士，所居傾國，故號為平國君。」項王已約，乃引兵解而東歸。
漢欲西歸，張良、陳平說曰：「漢有天下太半，而諸侯皆附之。楚兵罷食盡，此天亡楚之時也，不如因其機而遂取之。今釋弗擊，此所謂『養虎自遺患』也。」漢王聽之。漢五年，漢王乃追項王至陽夏南，止軍，與淮陰侯韓信、建成侯彭越期會而擊楚軍。至固陵，而信、越之兵不會。楚擊漢軍，大破之。漢王復入壁，深塹而自守。謂張子房曰：「諸侯不從約，為之柰何？」對曰：「楚兵且破，信、越未有分地，其不至固宜。君王能與共分天下，今可立致也。即不能，事未可知也。君王能自陳以東傅海，盡與韓信；睢陽以北至穀城，以與彭越：使各自為戰，則楚易敗也。」漢王曰：「善。」於是乃發使者告韓信、彭越曰：「并力擊楚。楚破，自陳以東傅海與齊王，睢陽以北至穀城與彭相國。」使者至，韓信、彭越皆報曰：「請今進兵。」韓信乃從齊往，劉賈軍從壽春并行，屠城父，至垓下。大司馬周殷叛楚，以舒屠六，舉九江兵，隨劉賈、彭越皆會垓下，詣項王。
項王軍壁垓下，兵少食盡，漢軍及諸侯兵圍之數重。夜聞漢軍四面皆楚歌，項王乃大驚曰：「漢皆已得楚乎？是何楚人之多也！」項王則夜起，飲帳中。有美人名虞，常幸從；駿馬名騅，常騎之。於是項王乃悲歌慨，自為詩曰：「力拔山兮氣蓋世，時不利兮騅不逝。騅不逝兮可柰何，虞兮虞兮柰若何！」歌數闋，美人和之。項王泣數行下，左右皆泣，莫能仰視。
於是項王乃上馬騎，麾下壯士騎從者八百餘人，直夜潰圍南出，馳走。平明，漢軍乃覺之，令騎將灌嬰以五千騎追之。項王渡淮，騎能屬者百餘人耳。項王至陰陵，迷失道，問一田父，田父紿曰「左」。左，乃陷大澤中。以故漢追及之。項王乃復引兵而東，至東城，乃有二十八騎。漢騎追者數千人。項王自度不得脫。謂其騎曰：「吾起兵至今八歲矣，身七十餘戰，所當者破，所擊者服，未嘗敗北，遂霸有天下。然今卒困於此，此天之亡我，非戰之罪也。今日固決死，願為諸君快戰，必三勝之，為諸君潰圍，斬將，刈旗，令諸君知天亡我，非戰之罪也。」乃分其騎以為四隊，四向。漢軍圍之數重。項王謂其騎曰：「吾為公取彼一將。」令四面騎馳下，期山東為三處。於是項王大呼馳下，漢軍皆披靡，遂斬漢一將。是時，赤泉侯為騎將，追項王，項王瞋目而叱之，赤泉侯人馬俱驚，辟易數里與其騎會為三處。漢軍不知項王所在，乃分軍為三，復圍之。項王乃馳，復斬漢一都尉，殺數十百人，復聚其騎，亡其兩騎耳。乃謂其騎曰：「何如？」騎皆伏曰：「如大王言。」
於是項王乃欲東渡烏江。烏江亭長檥船待，謂項王曰：「江東雖小，地方千里，眾數十萬人，亦足王也。願大王急渡。今獨臣有船，漢軍至，無以渡。」項王笑曰：「天之亡我，我何渡為！且籍與江東子弟八千人渡江而西，今無一人還，縱江東父兄憐而王我，我何面目見之？縱彼不言，籍獨不愧於心乎？」乃謂亭長曰：「吾知公長者。吾騎此馬五歲，所當無敵，嘗一日行千里，不忍殺之，以賜公。」乃令騎皆下馬步行，持短兵接戰。獨籍所殺漢軍數百人。項王身亦被十餘創。顧見漢騎司馬呂馬童，曰：「若非吾故人乎？」馬童面之，指王翳曰：「此項王也。」項王乃曰：「吾聞漢購我頭千金，邑萬戶，吾為若德。」乃自刎而死。王翳取其頭，餘騎相蹂踐爭項王，相殺者數十人。最其後，郎中騎楊喜，騎司馬呂馬童，郎中呂勝、楊武各得其一體。五人共會其體，皆是。故分其地為五：封呂馬童為中水侯，封王翳為杜衍侯，封楊喜為赤泉侯，封楊武為吳防侯，封呂勝為涅陽侯。
項王已死，楚地皆降漢，獨魯不下。漢乃引天下兵欲屠之，為其守禮義，為主死節，乃持項王頭視魯，魯父兄乃降。始，楚懷王初封項籍為魯公，及其死，魯最後下，故以魯公禮葬項王穀城。漢王為發哀，泣之而去。
諸項氏枝屬，漢王皆不誅。乃封項伯為射陽侯。桃侯、平皋侯、玄武侯皆項氏，賜姓劉。
太史公曰：吾聞之周生曰「舜目蓋重瞳子」，又聞項羽亦重瞳子。羽豈其苗裔邪？何興之暴也！夫秦失其政，陳涉首難，豪傑蜂起，相與并爭，不可勝數。然羽非有尺寸，乘執起隴畝之中，三年，遂將五諸侯滅秦，分裂天下，而封王侯，政由羽出，號為「霸王」，位雖不終，近古以來未嘗有也。及羽背關懷楚，放逐義帝而自立，怨王侯叛己，難矣。自矜功伐，奮其私智而不師古，謂霸王之業，欲以力征經營天下，五年卒亡其國，身死東城，尚不覺寤而不自責，過矣。乃引「天亡我，非用兵之罪也」，豈不謬哉！
Source: Chinese Text Project http://ctext.org/shiji Partial translation adapted from Herbert J. Allen's "Ssŭma Ch'ien's Historical Records" (Royal Asiatic Society, 1894).
Dictionary cache status: not loaded