的 de

  1. de particle possessive particle
    Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Function Words , Concept: Structural Particle 结构助词
    Notes: In this use 的 indicates the the item following belongs to the item preceding. It is required in most cases where a possessive relationship is intended (Ho 2002, '的' 1). For example, 政府的工作 'the government's work' (Xinhua Net, 2015-12-23). 的 is the most frequent word in the Beijing Language Institute's 1985 frequency wordlist (Ho 2002, '的').
  2. de particle structural particle
    Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Function Words , Concept: Structural Particle 结构助词
    Notes: In this usage, 的 modifies an adjective with more than one syllable to indicate an attributive relationship (Ho 2002, '的' 2; Li Shaoqi, 2003, pp. 419-420). For example, 她低声的说 She said in a low voice (Lao She, 2003, p. 176). 的 is used after reduplicated one syllable adjectives that modify a noun. In addition, 的 is also used in an attributive prepositional prhase that modifies a noun. For example, 这没有什么对不起人的地方。 'There is nothing to be sorry about here.' (Lao She, 2003, p. 174) 的 is used after a verb that modifies a noun.
  3. de particle complement
    Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Function Words , Concept: Structural Particle 结构助词
    Notes: In this usage, 的 acts as a complement. For example, 工作是充分肯定的 'the work was abundant confirmed.' (Li Shaoqi, 2003, pp. 420-421)
  4. de particle a substitute for something already referred to
    Domain: Modern Chinese 现代汉语 , Subdomain: Function Words , Concept: Structural Particle 结构助词
    Notes: In this usage, 的 acts as a substitute for something referred to earlier or understood. For example, 黑的或白的？ 'A black one or a white one?' (Li Shaoqi, 2003, p. 421)

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Also contained in

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Truncated for common words