Chinese Notes

经 (經) jīng

1. jīng verb to go through / to experience
   Domain: Frequently Used Words 常用词汇 , Subdomain: Actions 行为
   Notes: 经 jīng is synonymous in this sense with 经过 jīngguò. For example, 经研究发现 'after research, discovered ...' (Gu Sou Henan, 2015-10-15) This example can be generalized to the pattern 经 (process) (state S) 'go through process P to arrive at state S.' In the example, the process is 研究 'research' and the state was that something was 发现 'discovered.' The subject is implied. The valency is three. 经 jīng also chains verbs together. Notice in the example that both arguments, 研究 'research' and 发现 'discover' are verbs. 经 jīng is the 97th most frequent word in the Beijing Language Institute's 1985 frequency wordlist (Ho, 2002, '经'). 经 jīng is also used in this sense in classical Chinese (GHDC 2007 '经' 9). For example, 熊經鳥申 'passing their time like the (dormant) bear, and stretching and twisting (the neck) like a bird' (Zhuangzi, Ingrained Ideas 《莊子‧刻意》; Legge 1891)
2. jīng noun a sutra / a sūtra
   Domain: Buddhism 佛教
   Notes: From Sanskrit: sūtra; The word 'sutra' is an English borrow word from Sanskrit. OED: 'In Sanskrit literature, a short mnemonic rule in grammar, law, or philosophy, requiring expansion by means of a commentary.' (OED Online, “Sutra, n.,” 2015) Monier Williams: “a short sentence or aphoristic rule , and any work or manual consisting of strings of such rules hanging together like threads (these sūtra works form manuals of teaching in ritual , philosophy , grammar … ) … with Buddhists , pāśupatas &c the term sūtra is applied to original text books as opp. to explanatory works” (Monier Williams, “sUtra”, 2008) Prototypical examples of Buddhist sūtras are the Diamond Sutra 金刚经 and the Lotus Sūtra 莲华经.
3. jīng verb warp
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   Notes: A set of lengthwise threads held in tension on a loom， as opposed to 纬 'warp' (GHDC 2007 '经' 1). For example, in the Book of Changes 《周易》: 雲，雷，屯；君子以經綸。“(The trigram representing) clouds and (that representing) thunder form Zhun. The superior man, in accordance with this, (adjusts his measures of government) as in sorting the threads of the warp and woof.” (Legge, 1899, Xiang Zhuan - Zhun)
4. jīng noun longitude
   Domain: Geography 地理
   Notes: 经 jīng is synonymous with 经度 jīngdù in this sense, as opposed to 纬度 wěidù 'latitude.' North-south lines on the map or on the earth (GHDC 2007 '经' 2).
5. jīng adverb often / regularly / frequently
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as jīngcháng, 正常 zhèngcháng， 寻常 xúncháng (GHDC 2007 '经' 4). For example, 若晝夜之有經 'So it is with the regular phenomena of day and night' (Zhuangzi, The Way of Heaven 《莊子‧天道》; Legge 1891)
6. jīng verb to administer / to engage in business / to run / to operate / to manage
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 经营 jīngyíng or 治理 zhìlǐ (GHDC 2007 '经' 7).
7. jīng noun a woman's image
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   
8. jīng verb to bear / to endure
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 承受 or 忍受.
9. jīng verb to hang / to die by hanging
   Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
   Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 上吊 or 缢死 (GHDC 2007 '经' 10). For example, 二女皆經自殺 'The two ladies took their own lives by hanging themselves.' (Records of the Grand Historian, Annals of Zhou 《史記‧周本紀》)
10. jīng noun an agent / a middleman / a broker
    Domain: Commerce 商务
    Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 经纪人.
11. jīng verb to be frugal / to save
    Domain: Economics 经济
    Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 节约.
12. jīng noun a classic / a scripture / canon
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: In this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 经书, 经典, 道经,or 佛经. (GHDC 2007 '经' 5) Prototypical examples are 诗经 The Book of Songs and 孝經 Xiaojing (Classic of Filial Piety). Giles: ‘The “Canon” of Confucianism. The sūtras of Buddhism and Taoism.’ (GCED '經') For example, 於是繙十二經以說 'On this he proceeded to give an abstract of the Twelve Classics to bring the other over to his views.' (Zhuangzi, The Way of Heaven 《莊子‧天道》; Legge 1891) Also, 俱誦《墨經》 'all repeated the texts of Mo' (Zhuangzi, Tian Xia 《莊子‧天下》; Legge 1891) Multi-character words related to this sense include 经训, 经术, 经传, and 经典.
13. jīng noun a standard / a norm
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: Synonym discussion: in this sense 经 is has the same meaning as 常道 chángdào or 规范 guīfàn (GHDC 2007 '经' 3). For example, 君人者，以己出經式義度 'when rulers gave forth their regulations according to their own views and enacted righteous measures ...' (Zhuangzi, The Normal Course for Rulers and Kings 《莊子‧應帝王》; Legge 1891)
14. jīng noun a section of a Confucian work
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: (GHDC 2007 '经' 6)
15. jīng verb to measure
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: 经 jīng is synonymous with 测量 cèliáng in this sense (GHDC 2007 '经' 8).
16. jīng noun human pulse
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: 经 jīng is synonymous with 经脉 jīngmài in this sense (GHDC 2007 '经' 11).
17. jīng noun menstruation / a woman's period
    Domain: Classical Chinese 古文
    Notes: 经 jīng is synonymous with 月经 yuèjīng in this sense (GHDC 2007 '经' 12).

Contained in

经纬 、 经过 、 已经 、 经济 、 经费 、 宏观经济 、 经济学家 、 微观经济 、 经常 、 经原 、 经理 、 历经 、 药师经 、 佛经 、 经营者 、 佛说八大人觉经 、 经营 、 未经 、 经历 、 心经 、 般若波罗蜜多心经 、 经济学 、 经验 、 中枢神经系统 、 总经理 、 经销 、 经销商 、 金刚经 、 经典 、 金刚般若波罗蜜经 、 经藏 、 曾经 、 神经 、 中阿含经 、 阿含经 、 大般若经 、 正经 、 财经 、 经商 、 经受 、 世界经济论坛 、 诗经 、 释文经典 、 圆觉经 、 维摩诘经 、 道德经 、 华严经 、 书经 、 尚书经 、 易经 、 六祖坛经

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